The main purpose of the project was to design a 3.5KVA inverter which makes use of both solar and mains or grid supply for charging the batteries. This is to reduce the frequency of power outages experienced in our homes and businesses. The project was carried out with the use of two 12V batteries connected in series to give a total of 24V DC which would serve as input for the inverter when on inverting mode and give an output of 220V AC for household appliances. Incorporated within the inverter was load control features, such that when the inverter stops charging and starts inverting, at a particular battery level set by the user, the heavy loads would be cut off while supply of power to the light loads continues. But when critical battery level is reached the light loads are also cut off and the inverter shuts down. This was done using Microcontroller in controlling relays which either powers on the load or cuts off the load when the battery is low. The proposed inverter design has two outputs through which load management was achieved. One of the outputs is designated to light loads and the other to heavy loads. The Microcontroller DSPIC30F4012 controls the load stage which can be programmed through the keypad to monitor the output power to the loads in output one and two, to ensure they do not draw power beyond the limits programmed by the user. To achieve this, the Microcontroller cuts off either of the outputs which exceed the set limit. The project was successful and the test results obtained was satisfactory. The inverter's operation was consistent with the design and the desired control of power consumption and power management was achieved.

This work examines language change in the English language. It will provide an overview of the English language. This work will give a timeline of the English language with concentration on potential social factors that influenced changes in English. The objective of this research is to create a source document that contains a look into the diachronic and synchronic change of the English language. It is intended to examine the linguistic changes; that have occurred on the language. This work is intended to encourage acceptance of new forms in the English language as these changes are a constant in language growth. The framework used includes the lexical, morphological, phonological, syntactic and semantic analysis of the English language from its recorded beginning. The data for this work was collected via a study of already existing documentation and the researcher’s knowledge on the topic in question. On the basis of this researcher’s findings, it was observed that the various types of English language are used in different levels of communication and also in different mediums; of communication. It was also observed that even though certain types of English are the standard, some ‘non standard’ types are spoken as an L1 and are picking up traction towards standardisation.

This study examined the Resource Use Efficiency Among Small Scale Maize Farmers in Ovia North East Local Government Area. The specific objectives were to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers, estimate the cost and returns of maize production, estimate resource use efficiency of maize farmers and identify the constraints to increased
production in the study area. Multistage sampling techniques were used to select 100 respondents and they were interviewed using a well structured and designed questionnaire.
Data analysis was carried out with the use of descriptive statistics like frequency count, mean and percentage. Cobb Douglas stochastic frontier approach and marginal value product approach were used also.
The findings revealed that the study area had both active male(54%) and female(46%) farmers, majority also were married(68%), experienced and smallholder farmers with mostly secondary school level of education(68%). Most of the respondents fell within a household size of 6-9. From the findings also, resources like farm size(1.24), labour (2.18)and quantity of herbicides(1.09) were found to be underutilized which indicated that they should be reduced to
optimum level for output increase and revenue respectively. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit for maize farmers in the study area.
Based on the findings, the study concluded that maize production is a profitable enterprise with a net profit of N932,775.50 and has potentials of alleviating poverty, provision of employment and revenue for the residents and farmers of the study area. It was recommended that government and non governmental agencies should provide extension and supportive
services, could be granting of funds to the maize farmers to aid in their production of attaining more profit and expanding their establishment.

ABSTRACT
Waste disposal has become one of the major concerns for our Country, Nigeria. Fruit peels are the major solid by-product. The dried fruit peels have a content of cellulose and hemicelluloses, which make it suitable as fermentation substrate when hydrolyzed. This thesis aims at utilizing fruit (pineapple) peels for the production of bio-ethanol by using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, thus, producing a valuable product from the fruit peel wastes. The pineapple waste is collected and weighed. This is then grinded, mixed with about 2 litres of water and then filtered. The filtrate is heated on the stove for 5-6hours in which sugar syrup is obtained.
After this, fermentation process takes place which involve introducing 10ml of the yeast into the mixture and mixing with 100ml of water. The water is first boiled at 100°c for 30 minutes after which it was allowed to cool to around 37°c.
Finally, distillation process is being carried out. The cold mash is put into the combustion chamber and heat is applied from a stove and a copper pipe connected through the condenser Chamber, thermometer, and cork fitted to the collection chamber. Re-distillation is carried out to increase the ethanol content.

There has been a notable increase in the use of herbal medicine over the past twenty years. Moreover, there is still a tremendous lap of proper research data in the field of traditional herbal medicine. Enantiachloranthais a plant belonging to the Annonacoae family. Its common name is Africa Yellow Wood. It contains some phytochemicals which confer anti-diabetic properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-diabetic and anti- inflammatory effects of Enantiachlorantha stem bark on STZ induced type 2 diabetes in adult wistar rats. Forty-nine (49)male Wister rats of 170-180g weight were used for this experiment. They were grouped into seven groups; Group 1 (Normal control), Group 2 (HFD+STZ), Group 3(HFD+STZ+ metformin 500mg/kg bwt), Group 4 (HFD +STZ+ 200mg/kg bwt crude hydro-ethanol extract), Group 5 (HFD + STZ+ 400mg/kg bwt crude hydroethanol extract), Group 6 (HFD + STZ+ 200mg/kg bwt ethyl-acetate fraction), Group 7 (HFD+STZ+ 400mg/kg bwt ethyl-acetate fraction). The results showed a marked decrease in blood glucose level in thr treated groups. Rats administered the extract crude and ethyl acetate fractions showed high expression of Nrf-2.In group 4, at 200 mg/kg body weight of thereextract crude and ethyl acetate fractions was increased activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme.This study concluded that Enantiachloranthahas positive anti-diabetic and anti- inflammatoryeffects.

ABSTRACT
The researcher choose the topic that is titled “Sanitation practices and implication on the people of Uselu Quarters in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State” which is aimed at finding out the implication(s) of sanitation practices on the inhabitants of Uselu Area in Egor Local Government Area.
Four research questions were generated from the research topic which sought to find out the following:
-Identify the causes of poor sanitation practices on Uselu inhabitants

Solvent- impregnated sorbent extraction of tantalum is reported. Tantalum was effectively extracted with 3500C carbonized and activated with 0.5 M hydrofluoric acid and impregnated with methyl isobutyl ketone from hydrofluoric acid leached tantalite ore. The transport study of tantalum ions through a supported solvent-impregnated based sorbent (coconut shell) has been carried out using a design expert (RSM). Factors affecting extraction of tantalum was studied via pH, temperature and contact time is discussed. The final extracts of tantalum complex were directly inserted after colour development in the spectrophotometer for absorbance measurement which enhances the sensitivity. It was observed that at a pH of 1, a temperature of 28oC and at a contact time of 5 minutes, the percentage (%) tantalum extraction was decreased to 53.37% and it was observed that at a pH of 1, an increased temperature of 68oC and at a contact time of 30 minutes, the percentage (%) tantalum extraction was increased to 91.55%. the sorbent under study can therefore be used as alternative in order to reduce the high cost of conventional adsorbent used in extraction management.

Inflammation is a reaction of a living vascularized tissue to an injury. Conventional or synthetic drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases are available. However, there is paucity of information on the use of herbal medicine in the treatment of inflammation. The present study is aimed at evaluating the effects of aqueous extract of Altona Boonie on formalin-induced hepatic necrosis in male Wistar rats, using liver enzyme parameters. This study was done using 90 male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 6 groups and 12 subgroups each comprising of 5 animals for the various plant extracts; leaf, stem bark and root bark, and treated accordingly: Normal control, formalin with A. Boonie extract (150mg/kg b w), formalin with A. Boonie extract (300mg/kg b w), formalin with A. Boonie extract (600mg/kg b w); group 5 (test group) received 5mg/kg, p. o of indomethacin and 300mg/kg b w extract only. After the experimental period of 10 days, the animals were sacrificed and the blood samples were collected and the biochemical analyses were carried out. The activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase-5 were measured using standard colorimetric methods. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and a P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. It was observed that there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase 5 in the leaf, stem bark and root bark extract compared with the control group. Serum alkaline 12 phosphatase had no significant increase in the root bark extract compared to the control. In this study, it was observed that the aqueous extract of A. Boonie is effective against chronic inflammation in a dose-related manner. However, the present study suggests that the extract is toxic in high doses and longer dosage regimen. To minimize the toxicity, more toxicity studies should be carried out to understand more about the toxic effects of the plant on the live

The study is set to investigate capital structure and performance of oil and gas companies in Nigeria, by employing various indicators such as return on equity (ROE) short-term debt ratio (STDR), long term debt ratio (LTDR), total debt ratio (TDR) and total debt to equity ratio (TDER). The data used for the study were sourced from the NSE fact book 2021 and annual financial reports of the purposefully selected quoted Manufacturing firms on Nigerian Exchange Limited (NGX) for the period 2014-2023 (10years). The study adopted the Panel Least Squares estimation technique for all the series employed. The findings of the study revealed that long term debt (LTDR), short term debt (STDR), and total debts (TDR) are positively related to financial performance (ROE) of manufacturing firms. Furthermore, long term debt ratio and total debt ratio (that is leverage) are significantly related to manufacturing firms’ financial performance (ROE). In addition, short term debt ratio and total-debt equity ratio have no significant influence on manufacturing firms’ financial performance. While, short debt has positive influence on manufacturing firms’ financial performance, total debt-equity ratio has a negative influence on performance. Hence, long term debt rather than short term debt and debt- equity ratio is the significant determinant of financial performance (ROE) of manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study recommends that the managers of the nation’s manufacturing firms should strive to boost return to equity owners by increasing theirs use of debts, particularly long term debts in their capital structure in order to promote the growth of their corporate organizations. Also, reasonable use of long-term debts, as needed to finance expansion of manufacturing firms infrastructures and other investments, recommended in order to avoid the financial risk of default and possible bankruptcy.

Pipeline infrastructure plays a critical role in Nigeria‘s energy sector, yet persistent challenges like unauthorized third-party activities threaten its security, reliability, and efficiency.This project focuses on improving pipeline monitoring systems, particularly in the context of Nigeria‘s challenges with third-party interference like vandalism and oil bunkering. The research examines existing monitoring methods (fiber-optic sensing, acoustic leak detection, real-time surveillance, and SCADA),analyzes successful global pipeline monitoring strategies (TransAlaska and Nord Stream) and addresses the limitations of current monitoring systems. The study proposes an Improved Hybrid Pipeline Protection System (IHPPS) that integrates multiple technologies (flow measurement sensors, acoustic monitoring, GPS tracking, and IoT-based remote surveillance). The IHPPS aims to enhance detection accuracy, minimize false alarms, and improve real-time response, ultimately reducing economic, environmental, and security risks.
The study concludes that a multi-layered monitoring system is crucial for improving pipeline reliability and security.