Grassroots sports development is a crucial component of a nation's sporting
ecosystem, serving as the breeding ground for future athletes and a source of community
well-being. In Nigeria, where sports have historically held a special place in the hearts of
its people, understanding the role of government in fostering grassroots sports is of
paramount importance. This study delves into the state of grassroots sports development
in Oredo Local Government and assesses the influence of government policies and
interventions. The research methodology involved a comprehensive survey of 100 participants, including sports administrators, coaches, and local athletes. Data was analyzed to explore
current conditions, the role of government, challenges, and strategies for sustainable
development. This research contributes to the understanding of grassroots sports development in
Nigeria and provides insights for policymakers, sports administrators, and practitioners to
enhance the quality and reach of grassroots sports initiatives. As the nation continues to
nurture its sporting talent at the grassroots level, this study serves as a valuable resource
for future planning and development in the realm of sports.

The concept of code-switching is a common language contact phenomenon among bilinguals in
the whole world, especially in situations where all the participants in a speech act are from the
same bilingual background. Also, code-switching is used to achieve a variety of goals in
communication because it is grammatically rule-governed. Again, what is peculiar about code- switching in the Nigerian situation and particularly among Nguru Igbo-English bilinguals living
in Abuja is the direction and dimension it takes. In the negative light, and very unfortunate too, the code-switching behaviour among Igbo-English bilinguals have assumed an alarming position, especially in recent times. This could be seen in the recent statements and comments made by
Igbo linguists, who assume that in the nearest future, their mother tongue may be endangered. In
the positive light, generally, code switching facilitates communication. This study, therefore, examines the socio-pragmatic analysis of code-switching and its effects in
communication among Igbo-English bilinguals

International trade as a form of commercial transaction is trade that cuts across borders. As it involves transactions outside borders it is met with natural barriers which are either physical or cultural such as distance, language, geography. Due to the inclusion of more than one country there exists different legislation governing the parties to the transaction although sometimes similar in contents. In fact, there also exists a separate and distinct body of rules and legislation only applicable to international trade, not necessarily
belonging to one nation but adopted by several nations when conducting trade across their borders. The differences in legal regimes, modes of conducting business, and even relationship between the involved countries can hamper or facilitate the carrying out of international trade. Some strong examples are: difficulty in employing and relocating qualified nationals of other countries who fall short of the migration requirements of the concerned country; poor visibility of businesses to prospective international clientele due to its
small size or lack of funds to advertise internationally; exchange rates; the practice of de risking (prohibition of wire transfers, credit cards settlements, and even hard foreign currency to a country local bank accounts); ban of the use of hawala also known as underground banking which is simply money transfer without money movement. The last two examples are measures imposed by government and employed by financial
institutions to prevent innocent looking cross border payments from being used in money
laundering, terrorism financing, tax evasion etc. These challenges form serious road blocks to international trade, and it is universal that for trade to occur the willing parties to the transaction must have the capacity to contract. Several regulatory frameworks and enabling platforms have been created by the xvi government to facilitate cross border trade e.g. streamlining customs procedures, single trade window portals, border infrastructure, trade agreements etc. While these platforms have been useful and continue to remain useful in international trade, the challenges to trade are increasing in the face globalization and exponential population growth etc. technology has stepped in to fill some of these gaps, as it may prove too slow to rely solely on the government to create enabling platforms keeping up with the trends of growth or increasing demands of the population. xvii

This study investigates the influence of parental support and guidance on the career preferences of secondary school students in the Benin metropolis. The research examines the significance of parental involvement in shaping their children's career aspirations and the differences in parental influence based on gender and age.
The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised one thousand, eight hundred and fourth-eight (1,848) senior secondary school students in all the public secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area. The sample for the study consists of 150 respondents selected from three public secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area.
A survey was conducted among students, and the findings revealed that parental influence and support play a crucial role in determining students' career choices. The analysis showed that all aspects of parental influence and support scored higher than the criterion mean of 2.5, indicating strong agreement among the respondents.
The study also uncovered significant differences in parental influence between male and female students, with males experiencing higher levels of parental guidance. However, no significant differences in parental influence were found across various age categories.
This research highlights the pivotal role parents play in shaping their children's career aspirations and provides valuable insights for parents, educators, and policymakers seeking to understand and support the career development of secondary school students in the Benin metropolis. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for targeted interventions and programs to address the gender differences in parental influence and ensure a more inclusive approach to career guidance and counselling in schools.

Background: The extent to which pharmacy students perceive their mental health and how
this may directly affect their academic performance appears to have not been extensively
studied in Nigeria. Objective: To determine the prevalence of mental health problems and assess how it affects
academic performance in undergraduate pharmacy students. The relationship between socio- demographic factors and mental health was also investigated. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a DASS-21 rating scale for mental health was
conducted among pharmacy students from six Southern Nigerian universities. Inferential
analysis was done by computation of Student T-test and one way Analysis of Variance. P- values less than 0.05 were interpreted as significant. Results: Out of 843 pharmacy students’ responses, 757 were found usable giving a response
rate of 89.7%. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress were 53%, 60% and 35%
respectively. Those who have depression, anxiety and stress significantly had better grades
compared to those without mental health problems who passed more courses at p<0.05. Those who belong to school fellowship, aged<20yrs and have lost their mother are more
anxious (61%) on the DASS_21 rating scale. Those who stay in school hostel reported having
more anxiety (61%) and stress (35%). Conclusion: The findings suggest that the prevalence of mental health problems is high with
depression (53%), anxiety (60%) and stress (35%) significantly affecting the academic
performance of pharmacy students. Socio-demographic factors such as age and proximity to
school seems to have a relationship with mental health. KEY WORDS: Mental health disorders, DASS_21, Perception, Pharmacy Education, Pharmacy Student

Background: The number of persons suffering from low back pain will rise in the future, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The treatments available for low-back pain are not sufficient enough to cause an effective change in the long-term. Hence, there is a growing recognition of the need for a more comprehensive, patient-centered and behavioral-changing approach.
Objective: To determine the effectiveness of motivational interview on patients with low back pain.
Method: Included in this review were study population of adults aged 18 and above. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and Non-Randomized Controlled Trials (non-RCTs) that explored the effectiveness of Motivational Interview on Low Back Pain. A detailed search of 7 databases was conducted. Data were selected and extracted using the Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet 2010 version following the eligibility criteria. To assess the potential risk of bias in each study, two assessors independently assessed the eligible studies using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for parallel RCTs. A review protocol was developed and registered in the PROSPERO database (IDCRD42023444806). A narrative synthesis was used to present findings.
Results: 2 RCTs and 1 non-RCT was eligible from the narrative synthesis. Motivational interview
interventions included counselling, motivational programs and group/individual discussion sessions. Motivational interview had a significant effect on pain among patients with low back pain relative to the control interventions. All the studies had a good methodological quality.
Conclusion: Motivational Interview shows a beneficial effect in reducing low back pain and in increasing functional status in patients with low-back pain in comparison with other interventions used in the systematic review. However, current evidence is insufficient on the effect of motivational interview on pain in patients with low back pain. More large scale RCTs are needed to evaluate motivational interview on pain in patients with low back pain.
Keywords: Low back pain, motivational interview, quality of life, functional status.

This research gives attention to the non-energy use of Lignite samples collected from Ohordua town of Edo State and Azagba-Ogwashi in Delta State. A total of six composite Lignite samples,from ten sampled points were subjected to analytical study, with a view to determining their humic content and properties for use in soil beneficiation and conditioning.Proximate and Ultimate analytical technique was used to characterize the lignite from which humic acid was extracted under alkaline condition, and precipitated using acidic medium of 6M HCl.X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence analytical methods were employed to determine the mineralogical and elemental composition of the samples respectively,while Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy was used for organic characterization of the humic acid.Proximate analyses of the Lignite show percentage composition of Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi Lignite respectively,Fixed Carbon (65.22 wt% and 67.16wt%),Moisture Content (26 wt% and 25.4wt%) and Ash (5.02 wt% and 4.5 wt%).Ultimate analyses shows Hydrogen (6.60 wt% and 6.22wt%), Nitrogen (1.34 wt% and 1.19wt%,) Sulphur (0.77 wt% and 0.70wt%), Oxygen (26.07 wt% and 24.73 wt%), for Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi respectively.The analytical results suggest the existing lignite with varying thickness is of Lignite rank. The Ultimate analyses of the extracted Humic acid show Carbon (57.5wt% and 55.8wt%)%, Hydrogen (5.1 wt% and 3.9wt%), Nitrogen (2.5 wt% and 1.1wt%), Sulphur (Nil and 0.3wt%) and Oxygen (34.9 wt% and 38.9wt%,) for Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively.The mineralogical composition in the lignite samples shows Kaolinite was the main clay mineral identified. Non clay minerals such as anorthite, drierite, yeelimite, spurite, belite, wollastonite, hematite, pyrite, bauxite and quartz were detected.For Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy characterization of the Humic Acid, E2/E3 and E4/E6 absorption values for Ohordua (21.69 and 4.50) respectively, while Azagba-Ogwashi reveal (19.39 and 4.6) respectively. The humic substance has percentage aromaticity values of 33.90% and 34.06%, total acidity has 10.4% and 10.1%, COOH has 3.4% and 3.3%, Phenolic has 7.0% and 6.8% and acidity ratio has 0.49% and 0.48%, for Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively which depicts the Humic Acid has a high degree of Humification and a very good total acidity ratio. Results from this research indicate that the Lignite from both locations are similar in geochemistry, mineralogy and organic properties. Although,humification is high in both samples, Ohordua Lignite with lesser aromaticity and E4/E6 ratio, higher E2/E3 ratio and higher acidity ratio is more suitable for soil beneficiation and conditioning than that of Azagba-Ogwashi.

This study investigates the influence of parental support and guidance on the career preferences of secondary school students in the Benin metropolis. The research examines the significance of parental involvement in shaping their children's career aspirations and the differences in parental influence based on gender and age.
The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised one thousand, eight hundred and fourth-eight (1,848) senior secondary school students in all the public secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area. The sample for the study consists of 150 respondents selected from three public secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area.
A survey was conducted among students, and the findings revealed that parental influence and support play a crucial role in determining students' career choices. The analysis showed that all aspects of parental influence and support scored higher than the criterion mean of 2.5, indicating strong agreement among the respondents.
The study also uncovered significant differences in parental influence between male and female students, with males experiencing higher levels of parental guidance. However, no significant differences in parental influence were found across various age categories.
This research highlights the pivotal role parents play in shaping their children's career aspirations and provides valuable insights for parents, educators, and policymakers seeking to understand and support the career development of secondary school students in the Benin metropolis. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for targeted interventions and programs to address the gender differences in parental influence and ensure a more inclusive approach to career guidance and counselling in schools.

The problems of Small and Medium Scale Industries (SMIs) in Nigerian cannot be understated
as a number of factors tend to limit their growth potentials. They’re still faced with the issue of
large capital outlay and to overcome this problem, external borrowing has become inevitable. Commercial banks appear to be the most likely source of funds. Thus, the overall objective of
this research is to identify ways and means by which the vibrancy of small and medium scale
industries will be sustained so that they can play the expected role as one of the engines for
growth in Nigeria’s economic development effort. While a descriptive statistics research design
was adopted in the investigation. Outcome of the study indicates that, there exists an inverse
relationship (though not statistically significant) between the amount of domestic credit made
available to SMI’s and the output of SMI’S in Nigeria. This trend has shown the poor attitude of
commercial banks towards the granting of loans to SMI’s in Nigeria. Conclusively, the inability
of our commercial banks to grant effective loans to SMI’s have translated to low level of output
of SMI’s to GDP. This in turn has impacted negatively on average capacity utilization. While
commercial banks are expected to come to the rescue of SMI’s, the truth must be said, that these
institutions are profit oriented and may not be in a vantage position to give long term loans with
depositor funds that are predominantly short tenured. Based on the findings of study, this paper
recommends that, the intervention programs put in place to reduce the problems of the SMI’s
should be strengthened. Lastly, the Bank of Industry (BOI) should be properly positioned in its
mandate of providing financial assistance for the establishment of large, medium and small
projects as well as the expansion, diversification and modernization of existing enterprises and to
rehabilitate the ailing ones

ABSTRACT
Numerical schemes for the integration of stiff initial value problems are required to
possess wide region of absolute stability which include the entire left of the complex
plane. Numerical schemes that are explicit usually do not attain the requirement for
integration of stiff initial value problems. In this study, implicit second derivative RungeKutta methods are constructed for the integration of stiff initial value problems.
A family of generalised second derivative mono-implicit Runge-Kutta (GSDMIRK)
method is derived using the method of Tailor series expansion.
The proposed GSDMIRK methods are 𝐴-stable for stage 𝑠=3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4 and 𝐴(∝)-stable for
𝑠=5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6. Numerical experiments show that the GSDMIRK methods perform better
when compared to some numerical algorithms in the literature.