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Nigeria’s economy has been characterized by persistent macroeconomic instability, evident in its high and often volatile inflation rates and alarming unemployment figures. Misery Index in Nigeria, with an empirical focus on Hanke’s Misery Index, over the period 1992–2024. Grounded in the Quantity Theory of Money and the Phillips Curve, the study investigates how changes in money supply, exchange rate volatility, government expenditure, and oil prices influence economic distress. Using annual time series data, the research applies unit root tests to assess stationarity, correlation analysis to explore inter-variable relationships, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to capture both short- and long-run dynamics. The ARDL bounds test indicates no evidence of long-run cointegration among the variables. Empirical findings reveal that increases in money supply significantly elevate the Misery Index, while exchange rate volatility does not have a significant impact. Lagged government expenditure reduces economic distress, and increase in oil price have a negative but marginally insignificant effect on the Misery Index. The study concludes that coordinated monetary and fiscal policies, informed by both inflation-output trade-offs and money supply considerations, are essential for stabilizing economic welfare in Nigeria.

Research works in the field of electronic learning are represented by a broad spectrum of applications, ranging from virtual classrooms to remote courses or distance learning. In this project work I used a simple web-based training and quizzes system, in which, teachers and trainers can conduct any type of courses and set different types of quizzes and exams. The system allows potential users to store, update, and delete questions from the database using the web, in a very easy and simplified manner. In addition, teachers can track the activities of their students and can guide them to reach the pre- determined objectives of the courses. This system is used successfully in distance learning as well as in self-training. This system has been tested, ranged from basic to advanced namely: introduction to computer science, programming concepts using C++, digital logic design and fundamentals of database systems. The feedbacks of both teachers and students were highly promising

Nigeria's rich mix of ethnicities, religions, and cultures has sometimes led to division, tension, and instability, making national unity difficult to achieve. The main issue that have hindered this ideal of unity in diversity include: Ethnic tensions and conflicts, corrupt leadership, Regionalism, social and political instability. The study is aimed to promote harmony, mutual understanding, and cooperation among all groups, turning diversity into a strength for building a peaceful and united nation. How my project was carried out: The project compels pieces that reflect Nigeria’s cultural richness. These artworks portrayed various ethnic groups and traditions, symbols and motifs that represent unity across Nigeria’s regions, aiming to highlight the beauty of unity through diversity. A documentary was developed to tell the stories behind the art, It included interviews and personal narratives that emphasized the importance of national unity and cultural understanding. The final stage featured public exhibitions and cultural events. These gatherings brought people together to enjoy performances, storytelling, and interactive activities that celebrated Nigeria’s shared identity and promoted social harmony. This project helped audiences better understand and appreciate the country’s diverse ethnic backgrounds, The project revealed that visual art can effectively unite people by showcasing Nigeria’s cultural richness. The initiative confirmed that creative expression especially through visual storytelling is a powerful tool for fostering unity in a diverse society. It demonstrated that celebrating cultural differences can build empathy and reduce social divisions. Introduce unity-in-diversity themes into school programs through art and civic education. Encourage partnerships between government, NGOs, and artists to expand similar projects.

Hypertension and diabetes mellitus frequently coexist, significantly increasing cardiovascular disease risk due to dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. This study investigates the impact of co-administering losartan/metformin (L/M) and losartan/glibenclamide (L/D) on plasma and cardiac lipid profiles in L-NAME/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hypertensive/diabetic male Wistar rats, with a focus on total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Fifty-two male Wistar rats (50–80 g) were housed under standard laboratory conditions and acclimatized for two weeks. Hypertension was induced by administering L-NAME (40 mg/kg) in drinking water for four weeks, while diabetes was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). Successful induction was confirmed by systolic blood pressure measurement (tail-cuff method) and fasting blood glucose levels >200 mg/dL. The rats were divided into six groups (n=6 per group): control, untreated, diabetic treated with L/M, and diabetic treated with L/D. Drug administration was conducted orally for 28 days. At the end of the treatment period, rats were sacrificed via cervical dislocation. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture into EDTA-coated tubes, centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and plasma was stored at −20°C for lipid profile analysis. Cardiac tissues were excised, homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and centrifuged to obtain supernatants for further analysis. Plasma and cardiac total cholesterol levels did not significantly differ between groups (p > 0.05). The hypertensive/diabetic group exhibited reduced HDL-cholesterol (85.0 ± 19.2 mg/dL) compared to the normotensive/non-diabetic control (110.8 ± 2.1 mg/dL). Treatment with L/D showed the highest HDL levels (2.87 ± 2.71 mg/dL), suggesting a possible beneficial effect of glibenclamide on HDL metabolism. Triglyceride levels varied significantly (p < 0.05), with hypertensive/diabetic rats showing elevated plasma (160.0 ± 27.2 mg/dL) and cardiac (27.92 ± 12.55 mg/dL) triglycerides compared to controls. L/M treatment reduced plasma triglycerides to 145.2 ± 17.7 mg/dL, while L/D increased them to 180.3 ± 51.0 mg/dL, suggesting metformin’s superior role in mitigating hypertriglyceridemia. Plasma LDL-cholesterol levels remained unchanged across all groups (p > 0.05), indicating limited effects of these drug regimens on LDL metabolism. This study highlights the differential impact of losartan/metformin and losartan/glibenclamide co-administration on lipid metabolism in hypertensive/diabetic rats. These findings contribute to optimizing therapeutic strategies for managing dyslipidemia in comorbid hypertension and diabetes

Myopia is a significant and growing public health concern globally, with increasing prevalence observed even in regions like sub-Saharan Africa. Despite this, data on the rate of myopia progression in Nigeria remain limited, particularly in urban settings such as Benin City. Understanding the pattern and rate of myopia progression in this population is critical for guiding clinical management, preventive strategies, and policy interventions. This study aimed to determine the rate and pattern of myopia progression among patients aged 6–25 years attending selected eye clinics in Benin City over a ten-year period. A retrospective observational study design was employed. Clinical records of 300 myopic patients (71.3% females, 28.7% males) from four major eye clinics in Benin City between 2014 and 2024 were reviewed. Data on age, gender, and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) at first and last visits were extracted. Annual myopia progression rates were calculated as changes in SER (diopters per year). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted using t-tests and ANOVA, with significance set at p < 0.05. The mean age of participants was 15.87 ± 4.75 years. The overall mean annual myopia progression rate was −0.15 D/year. rogression was fastest among younger patients (6–10 years: −0.38 D/year) and slowed with increasing age (p < 0.05). Only 13% of patients showed significant progression (≥ −0.50 D/year). Myopia progressed slightly faster in females (−0.16 ± 0.21 D/year) than males (−0.13 ± 0.13 D/year), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.33). Baseline severity influenced progression, with mild myopes showing the highest mean annual change (−0.17 D/year). Myopia progression among patients in Benin City was relatively slow compared with Asian populations but exhibited similar age-related trends, with faster progression in younger individuals. These findings underscore the need for early detection and routine monitoring of refractive changes in children to prevent high myopia and associated ocular complications. The study provides baseline data to inform localized myopia control strategies and public health planning in Nigeria.

The study examines the effect of monetary policy tools on deposit money banks performance in Nigeria for the period 2014-2023. The study employed the descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and the Panel Least Square (PLS) methodology to analyze the annual time series data sourced from CBN Statistical Bulletin. The findings specifically found that monetary policy rate has significant negative effect on deposit money banks performance. Cash reserve did not significantly affect deposit money banks performance during the studied period. Money supply has a significant positive effect on deposit money banks performance in Nigeria. The study concludes that monetary policy tools significantly influences deposit money banks performance in Nigeria during the studied period. The study recommends that regulatory authority (CBN) should reduce the current monetary policy rate in order to reverse its negative effect on deposit
money banks performance. Increase in money supply improves the performance of deposit money banks. Thus, increase in money supply should be maintained within acceptable threshold to enable the deposit money banks to sustain its positive effect on their performance.

This study carried out an investigation on the permeability of grain sizes in soil in Ekosodin, Benin City, Edo State. Due to several collapse of structure in the geographical location and occurence of flooding during the past years, it was essential to investigate if the soil in the area is more or less permeable, To know the most approciate or suitable type of foumdation applicable and the right drainage system to be implemented. The permeability of the soil was tested for by the application of an empirical formula called the kozeny carman equation. This equation is composed of the kozeny carman constant ranging between (0.8 to 1.0), specific surface area, and void ratio. The specific gravity and particle size distribution test was carried out to determine the specific surface area, the moisture content test was also carried out to determine the void ratio of the soil, including the atterberg limit test, the results obtained from the test was used to determine the approximate kozeny carman constant to be applied which was done in Civil/Structural Engineering Laboratory in the University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State. The soil sample used for the various test was taken from Ekosodin with the application of the auger to extract soil sample from four boreholes at 0.5m to 1m respesctively. Through this application the permeability of the soil was determined. The results obtained for the permeability of the soil from the above tests listed, were 1.039×10⁻¹⁰m², 1.002×10⁻¹⁰m²,1.123×10⁻¹⁰m²,1.394×10⁻¹⁰m²,3.797×10⁻¹⁰m²,9.922×10⁻¹¹m², 2.476×10⁻¹¹m², and 6.024×10⁻¹¹m² respectively. Indicating that the soil has a very low permeability. Several mitigation and strategies are recommended, such as soil amendments with coarser materials like sand or organic matter to improve permeability, the installation of drainage systems such as perforated pipes or gravel trenches, and proper land management practices should be implemented in the area, Piles or piers, are strongly recommended to reach stable soil below the water table. Comprehensive drainage systems, including perimeter drains, free-draining backfill, and proper surface grading, are essential regardless of foundation type.

This study examines the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in contemporary global conflict since 2000AD. The rapid advancement of digital technology and artificial intelligence has significantly transformed the nature of warfare, security operations, intelligence gathering, and international conflict management in the twenty-first century. The study explores how AI technologies have been applied in modern conflicts through autonomous weapons systems, surveillance technologies, cybersecurity operations, drone warfare, intelligence analysis, and military decision-making processes. It also investigates the implications of AI on global peace, security, and international relations. The study adopted a descriptive and analytical research design using secondary sources of data, including books, journal articles, government publications, online reports, and scholarly materials related to artificial intelligence and modern warfare. Findings revealed that AI has improved military efficiency, speed, precision, and intelligence capabilities in many countries involved in global conflicts. Nations such as the United States, China, and Russia have increasingly invested in AI-driven military technologies to strengthen national defense and strategic advantage. The study also found that AI has contributed to the rise of cyber warfare, automated surveillance systems, misinformation campaigns, and the development of autonomous combat weapons. Despite these advantages, the study identified several challenges associated with the use of AI in contemporary conflicts. These include ethical concerns, civilian casualties resulting from autonomous systems, loss of human control in warfare, cyber threats, privacy violations, and the possibility of AI technologies being used by terrorist groups and criminal organizations. The study further revealed that the absence of comprehensive international regulations on military AI poses serious risks to global security and stability. The study concluded that artificial intelligence has become a major factor shaping the nature of contemporary global conflict since 2000AD. While AI offers opportunities for improved security and military effectiveness, its misuse and uncontrolled expansion could threaten international peace and human safety. The study therefore recommended the establishment of global policies and ethical frameworks to regulate the use of AI in warfare, encourage international cooperation, and ensure that AI technologies are used responsibly for the promotion of peace and security worldwide.

Graetz (2006) asserts that all learning takes place in a physical environment with quantifiable and perceptible physical characteristics, be it in a large lecture hall, underneath a tree, or in front of a computer screen. Lizzio, Wilson and Simons (2002) identified the learning environment as a major variable in the interacting system of the learning process. Learning environment and how it is perceived by the students or learners have been identified as having major influence on both learning processes and outcomes. In this regard, Frenzel, Pekrun and Goetz (2007) reports that numerous studies have clearly demonstrated the significant relationship between perceived learning environmentand student achievement. Randhawa and Michayluk (1974) attribute much of the reliable variance in student performance to the aptitude of the learner and the environment of learning. In the view of Zhu, Valcke, Schellens and Li (2009), the quality of student learning seems to be closely related to their perceptions of the learning environment.

The health of any federal state is a product of the relationship between or among the various component governments. Consequently, Inter Governmental Relations (IGR) has become a critical issue in federal studies. IGR is an important body of activities or interactions occurring between governmental units of all types and levels within the federal system in Nigeria. The assertiveness and boundary consciousness of the units are giving way to an operational concert of the integration of resources and the joint use of power to solve socio-political and economic problems mutually. For instance, the growing complexity of problems or more appropriately, the necessities of society created a sense of national purpose and growth of national programming characterized by the intellectual homogenization of the public sector. This development gradually transformed democratic administration into bureaucratic administration in which the centre looms large and therefore, changed the original federal form in which “the legal and political competence of each unit of government is limited in relation to the legal and political competence of other units of government.