DESIGN

Induction motors, though robust, are prone to electrical and thermal stresses that can cause costly failures, while traditional protection devices are either too slow, prone to nuisance trips, or too expensive for small industries. The problem therefore lies in
the lack of an affordable, reliable, and adaptable protection system that integrates both electrical and thermal monitoring. The aim of the project is to design a micro- controller-based protection system for three-phase induction motors to detect faults
such as single-phasing, under voltage, and overheating. A functional protection system was built using the PIC16F877A micro-controller to achieve real-time monitoring and automatic motor isolation. The design employed ZMPT101B voltage sensors, an ACS712 current sensor, a DS18B20 temperature sensor, LM7805 regulator, ULN2003 driver, relay/contractor, and a 16×2 LCD. The
methodology involved circuit design and simulation, hardware assembly, and programming in Embedded C to process sensor data, and control the relay for fault response for phase failure or for temperature above 60 degrees. The performance of the system was rigorously evaluated through testing in both faulty and normal operating conditions. During fault simulation, the system
accurately identified phase loss, displaying "Phase Failure" on the LCD followed by the specific faulty phase voltages. When the motor temperature exceeded 60°C, the display indicated "Over Temp" and subsequently showed the actual real-time temperature measurement. Conversely, once the faults were cleared and the system was restored to normal operation (with phases at 220V and temperature below 60°C), the LCD confirmed that the Relay was switched ON, reconnecting the motor to the power source. Following this restoration, the system resumed its standard monitoring mode, displaying the actual temperature and operational parameters, thereby proving the system’s reliability in managing transitions between fault detection and safe recovery.

The increasing demand for secure, transparent, and efficient electoral processes has led to the adoption of online voting systems in universities. This project presents a PHP-based online voting system designed to provide a secure, user-friendly, and tamper-proof election platform for universities. The system enables student authentication, candidate registration, real-time vote
tallying, and automatic result generation after a set period. Security measures such as one-time voting enforcement and database encryption ensure election integrity. By leveraging web technologies, this system enhances electoral accessibility while minimizing fraud and administrative overhead, offering a scalable solution for university elections.

An Automated Residential Gate project aims to enhance security, convenience, and energy efficiency through the integration of automation and solar power technology. Traditional manual gates require significant human effort and are often inconvenient, especially for large or heavy gates. To address these issues, this project involves designing an automated sliding gate system controlled by remote access, keypads, and IOT connectivity. The system incorporates a D5V6 Smart Centurion Machine, a 60W solar panel, a 30A charge controller, and a deep-cycle battery to ensure uninterrupted operation, even during power outages. The design includes a 0.37 kW motor with a gearbox to enhance torque efficiency, along with infrared sensors for obstacle detection and limit switches for precise movement control. Safety features such as emergency manual release and predictive maintenance alerts further improve usability and reliability. Structural materials such as steel and corrosion-resistant components ensure durability under various environmental conditions. Through performance testing, the system demonstrated smooth operation, energy efficiency, and enhanced security compared to conventional gates. The solar-powered system effectively reduces reliance on grid electricity, making it a cost-effective and sustainable solution. Future improvements may include AI-driven security enhancements and higher-efficiency solar panels to further optimize performance.

This project aims to design and implement a hybrid clean and renewable energy system for telecommunication base stations, integrating wind and solar energy sources. The primary purpose is to enhance the sustainability, reliability, and efficiency of off-grid power systems, particularly in remote locations where traditional energy sources are costly and environmentally unsustainable. By leveraging the complementary nature of wind and solar resources, the project seeks to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, minimise carbon emissions, and improve the energy autonomy of telecommunication infrastructure. The ultimate goal is to create a resilient, ecofriendly energy framework that contributes to global efforts in combating climate change. The methodology involved an extensive research and development process. Initially, a detailed literature review was conducted to gather insights from existing studies and identify areas for improvement. The design phase focused on developing a dual-input charge controller system capable of managing power from both solar panels and wind turbines. The system architecture incorporated essential components such as voltage and current sensors, metal￾oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) drivers, and a battery storage unit. A prototype was simulated using Proteus Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software, followed by the construction of the physical model. The wind turbine was crafted from a modified fan motor, while the battery pack consisted of lithium-ion cells configured for optimal capacity. System testing was conducted under varying environmental conditions to evaluate performance and reliability. The results demonstrated that, while the solar system consistently generated higher energy outputs, the wind turbine provided supplementary power, particularly during periods of low sunlight. The hybrid system showed potential in maintaining stable power generation throughout different times and seasons. However, challenges in wind turbine fabrication affected overall efficiency. The study concludes that integrating wind and solar technologies enhances the resilience and sustainability of telecommunication base stations. Recommendations for future work include improving wind turbine fabrication, expanding testing across diverse climates, and exploring additional renewable energy sources to further bolster system autonomy and efficiency.

Globally, health care sector is the pivot and integral part of human lives. Thus, any error committed in the clinical services might leads to defect or termination of life. Recently, information and Communication has been used extensively to improve the various operations and services in the field of the health care service. Patient appointment scheduling with the Doctor is one of the clinical services that have been automated. In developing counties like Nigeria, the clinical system is faced with plethora of issues. These include: long waiting of patient, queues, congestion of patient over a long period of time without been attended to. This paper focuses on developing a system to improve upon the efficiency and quality of delivering. The proposed algorithm eliminates the manual system of registration and its drawbacks, by implementing a simple round robin (RR) architecture in real time system which introduce a concept of assigning different time quantum to different funds of RR scheduling algorithm. functionalities of registration of patient data in the database and scheduling of patient. The system is designed to enable a more efficient patient clinic section with an improved organization setting by maximizing the throughput. Minimize the time between a patient and doctor, the time spent in the waiting queue will be minimized. minimizing response to a patient, increasing the number of patients attended to and also Improve work efficiency.

The growing global demand for renewable energy has driven significant advancements in solar energy technology, particularly in photovoltaic (PV) systems and inverters, which convert solargenerated DC into usable AC. Despite progress, traditional inverters face challenges such as inefficiency, high harmonic distortion, and limited adaptability to dynamic environmental conditions.This project aims to design a microcontroller-based solar inverter that integrates
advanced control algorithms like Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) to enhance efficiency, reliability, and adaptability. By leveraging modern microcontroller technology, the project seeks to improve energy conversion, reduce costs, and address the limitations of conventional designs, contributing to the broader adoption of solar energy systems. The process begins with modeling the photovoltaic (PV) array using Simulink’s Simscape Electrical library, incorporating real-world parameters such as irradiance and temperature to simulate I-V and P-V curves. The MPPT algorithm, specifically the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method, is implemented to optimize power extraction under varying conditions. PWM is generated using a PID controller to regulate the DC-DC boost converter, which steps up the PV voltage. An H-Bridge inverter, controlled by Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM), converts the boosted DC into a clean AC waveform. The complete system integrates the PV array, MPPT, boost converter, and inverter, with simulations conducted to validate performance under diverse environmental and load conditions. This project successfully designed and simulated a microcontroller-based solar inverter system. The PV array, modeled under varying irradiance and temperature conditions, consistently generated around 5300W, operating near its maximum power point. The boost converter efficiently stepped up the PV voltage to 275.1V with over 90% efficiency, while the H-bridge inverter produced a clean 220V AC output with minimal harmonic distortion. System integration demonstrated robust performance under diverse environmental and load conditions, achieving an overall efficiency exceeding 90%.

This project involves the design and fabrication of a solar water heating system utilizing the thermosiphon principle. The system consists of a 30-liter and 15-liter tank, an absorber plate constructed from copper rods and aluminum sheets, and an integrated pump and battery for enhanced performance. The project commences with a comprehensive review of previous researches on various solar water heating systems, majoring on the types of Solar water heating systems, its components, materials and method of fabrication of the system, its design considerations, as well as the importance and significance of the project. The system’s efficiency and effectiveness in heating water using solar energy are evaluated, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for water heating applications. The performance of the system was evaluated under various operating conditions, and the results showed a significant increase in water temperature, demonstrating the system’s potential for efficient solar water heating. The average temperatures of the hot water for the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd days of testing are 45.4 oC, 46.5 oC and 45.9 oC respectively. The use of locally sourced materials and simple design make this system an attractive option for rural and urban areas here access to hot water is limited. This project contributes to the development of sustainable and renewable energy solutions, aligning with global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and promote energy efficiency.

A study was carried out based on societal use of electric power for the purpose of domestic cooking resulting in the observation that a substantial number of households do, occasional or seriously use electric power for cooking through heat generating electric stoves. An ensuing market survey around Benin City also revealed that various brands of electric cooking stoves are being sold in the markets. A close observation further revealed that virtually all the brands on sale in the markets are imported and are quite expensive. Based on these findings the idea of providing a locally fabricated alternative for these foreign brands of electric cooking stove was conceived and it led to the execution of this project. An extensive study of used and broken electric stoves as well as an extensive literature review showed that it is possible to design and fabricate from locally available materials, with the purchase of just two of the main components, the heating element and the thermostat. With this understanding, basic engineering knowledge was then applied to design all the components of a basic electric cooking stove. The components included the Frame, the Heat Generating Compartment, the Support Ceramic for the heating element, the Heating Element, the Internal Wiring, the Thermostat and the External Wiring and Plug. The designed components were fabricated and assembled to produce the electric stove which was tested and found to operate to a very high level. The main findings from this project work shows that the unit fabricated was not only more affordable, it was more sturdy and able to support cooking pots larger than what the imported brands could support. The design was also made to generate higher temperatures that leads to faster cooking thus balancing the total cost of power usually needed to cook the same amount of food.

In this project, a 2KVA hybrid pure sine wave inverter with battery charging and monitoring system was designed and constructed. The inverter circuit was designed using a power transformer rated at 2.5KVA. The DC voltage source is a battery bank rated at 24V. A high performance microcontroller (DSPic30f2010) with advanced switching and control ability was used. The inverter system doubles as an inverter and a battery charger. Pulse width modulation technique was used in the inverter design. The inverter circuit was designed, constructed and tested. It performed satisfactorily with different house appliances such as electric fans, ulbs, refrigerator, etc

This project addresses the critical need for efficient and accessible water pumping solutions in various applications, particularly in contexts with limited access to conventional power sources. Water pumping systems are integral to industries ranging from agriculture to disaster relief. However, challenges such as power dependency, infrastructure limitations, and environmental concerns persist. This project introduces a transformative approach by integrating a hand drill as the primary power source within a centrifugal pump system. This innovative solution leverages the portability, affordability, and versatility of this device, making it a practical and cost-effective alternative. The hand drill-powered system eliminates the reliance on electricity or fuel, enhancing accessibility in remote or emergency situations. In addition to its applicability in car washes, low volume irrigation, and medical microfluidics, this project extends its impact to various fields, including agriculture, disaster relief, and remote research stations. It offers a sustainable, portable, and environmentally responsible water pumping solution that aligns with modern needs. By combining the convenience of hand drills with the efficiency of centrifugal pumps, this project represents a significant advancement in water pumping technology.