DESIGN

Credit risk assessment is a critical process in lending institutions aimed at evaluating the likelihood of loan default by applicants. Traditional manual assessment methods are often inconsistent and time-consuming, while many automated credit scoring systems lack transparency and explainability. This study presents the design and implementation of a web- based credit risk assessment system . The proposed system captures key applicant attributes and applies predefined decision rules to compute credit risk scores. Debt-to-income ratio and other affordability indicators are used to classify applicants into low, medium, or high risk categories. The system generates clear and interpretable credit decisions accompanied by explanatory reasons. A structured system analysis and design methodology was adopted to guide development. The system was implemented using web technologies and deployed as a browser- based prototype. Functional testing was conducted using representative test cases. Test results confirmed that the system produces accurate, consistent, and explainable credit decisions. The system enhances transparency, usability, and decision accountability. The study demonstrates that explainable rule-based models can effectively support automated credit risk assessment in small and medium-scale lending environments.

The existing landscape of real-time communication often relies on traditional wire intercom systems which are characterized by high installation costs, complex wiring, and inherent flexibility, posing significant challenges for scalable deployment in dynamic environments. These limitations necessitate a modern, cost-effective, and easy-to-deploy solution that utilizes existing infrastructure. The primary aim of this project is to address this deficit by designing and implementing a functional, low-latency 4-channel Wi-Fi ( Wireless Fidelity) Local Area Network (LAN) based wireless intercom system capable of facilitating clear, full-duplex voice communication among multiple users. The system methodology centered on a decentralized, peer-to-peer architecture utilizing ESP32 microcontroller for its integrated Wi-Fi capabilities and dedicated I2S (Inter integrated sound ) digital audio interface. Audio quality was managed by pairing an INMP441 digital microphone with a MAX98357A digital amplifier, eliminating analog noise and circuit complexity. Crucially, communication over the LAN was executed using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) instead of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This deliberate choice minimized packet overhead and connection management, which is essential for ensuring the reliable, low-latency data transmission required for real-time conversation. Testing confirmed the successful two-way voice transmission between all intercom units, with the system consistently demonstrating an end-to-end latency below the critical 150ms threshold required for human-perceptible real-time conversation. In conclusion, the project successfully validated the technical feasibility of leveraging commodity Internet Of Things (IoT) hardware for sophisticated communication tasks. The resulting system is a significantly more scalable and cost-effective alternative to legacy wired intercoms, demonstrating a framework for future development in affordable, high performance wireless communication product

Fire outbreaks in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings continue to pose significant threats to lives, property, and the environment, largely due to delayed detection and inefficient response mechanisms. Traditional fire-fighting systems often rely on manual operation or wired infrastructure, which may limit their effectiveness during emergencies. This study presents the design and development of a smart wireless fire-fighting system aimed at improving early fire detection, rapid alerting, and efficient fire suppression within building environments. The proposed system integrates temperature sensors, smoke sensors, and flame sensors with a microcontroller unit to continuously monitor environmental conditions in real time. Wireless communication technology is employed to transmit data and alerts to a central control unit and authorized mobile devices, enabling remote monitoring and timely response. Upon detecting abnormal conditions indicative of fire, the system automatically triggers alarms and activates fire-suppression mechanisms such as water sprinklers while simultaneously notifying building occupants and emergency responders. The design emphasizes low power consumption, scalability, and reliability, making it suitable for both smalland large-scale building applications. Simulation and prototype testing results demonstrate that the system is capable of accurately detecting fire incidents at an early stage and responding within a short time frame, thereby reducing potential damage and enhancing occupant safety. The wireless architecture eliminates complex wiring requirements, reduces installation costs, and allows easy expansion and maintenance. Overall, the smart wireless fire-fighting system provides an effective, intelligent, and cost-efficient solution for modern building fire safety management and contributes to the advancement of smart building technologies.

Yam is a crucial staple crop in West Africa, particularly Nigeria, yet its traditional processing into pounded yam (iyan) is highly labor-intensive, time-consuming, and yields inconsistent product quality. While the mechanization of this process through yam blending machines offers a solution for enhanced productivity, a critical operational challenge remains: persistent material leakage during blending. Such leakage compromises operational hygiene, leads to product loss, and risks damage to the machine's mechanical and electrical components, thus hindering wider commercial adoption. This study aimed to address this challenge by designing and constructing a functional yam blending machine with a primary focus on implementing robust sealing mechanisms and hygienic structural features to significantly minimize or eliminate material leakage during operation. The methodology employed a systematic design approach, utilizing a decision matrix to select an AC-powered motor for its high torque capacity and specifying food-grade Stainless Steel (SS304) for all food-contact surfaces. The detailed design prioritized secure interfaces, particularly for the blending shaft and chamber lid, to ensure a hermetic seal. Following construction, the prototype is intended for performance evaluation to assess its blending efficiency, output consistency, and the effectiveness of the integrated leakage prevention measures. The successful development of this machine is anticipated to substantially enhance productivity, uphold higher standards of food safety, and contribute meaningfully to the reliable and sustainable mechanization of the yam processing sector in Nigeria.

This project presents the design, material selection, fabrication, and performance testing of a diesel-powered vertical palm fruit digester aimed at supporting small- and medium-scale producers. The design offers a practical, affordable, and locally adaptable solution to enhance palm oil production in underserved regions. The machine achieved a digestion efficiency of 95.5% during performance testing, indicating its capability to effectively separate the mesocarp from the kernel

This project involves the design and fabrication of a 1KVa solar inverter, which converts DC power from solar panels to AC power for household and industrial applications. The inverter is designed to operate at a high efficiency, with a minimum of 90% efficiency. The project also involves the development of a control system to regulate the output voltage and frequency of the inverter. Various efforts have been made to address this challenge, but existing alternatives, such as diesel generators, have proven to be inefficient, expensive, and environmentally unfriendly. They require frequent fueling, maintenance, and replacement of parts, while also contributing to pollution. The capacity of an inverter system depends on the specific application and the power requirements of the appliances being used. In this context, we are focusing on a domestic inverter system with a maximum capacity of 5KVA (4000 watts), designed to provide backup power during outages and serve as a primary source of energy when the national grid is unavailable.

This study examines the optimal battery specifications for a 5kVA pure sine wave inverter system, focusing on the selection of suitable batteries to ensure efficient, reliable, and cost-effective performance. The research evaluates key factors such as battery capacity, voltage, cycle life, depth of discharge (DoD), and energy efficiency. Given the growing demand for backup power in residential and commercial settings, selecting the right battery is crucial for maximizing operational efficiency and system longevity. Simulation models were used to assess the performance of lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries under varying operational conditions. The findings revealed that lithium-ion batteries outperformed lead-acid batteries in key areas, including round-trip efficiency (95% vs. 75%), cycle life (3,500–5,000 cycles vs. 500–1,000 cycles), and DoD (80% vs. 50%). These advantages made lithium-ion batteries the most suitable choice for a 5kVA inverter system, offering superior performance and energy utilization. In conclusion, lithium-ion batteries, despite their higher initial cost, provide a more efficient and sustainable solution for 5kVA pure sine wave inverter systems. Their longer lifespan, higher efficiency, and better energy storage make them the preferred option for optimizing system performance and reducing long-term operational costs.

Online Food Ordering System is database program that keeps record of all transaction carried out in the restaurant on daily bases. The aim of the study is to design and implement an Online Food Ordering System. In achieving this aim, the following objectives were laid out to determine how computerized management information system has facilitated increase productivity, decrease paperwork, and ability to analyze trouble spots. The motivation that led to the implementation of the proposed system is that the use of manual method in keeping information in the system. So among the numerous problems associated with the existing system are; staff are spending far too much time chasing mistakes instead of tending to customers, sales going unrecorded, inventory doesn’t match your tallies and other. The methodology adopted in this study is the object oriented analysis and design methodology (OOADM) which is a technical approach for analyzing and designing an application or system by applying object throughout the software development process. The programming language used is HTML, CSS, JAVASCRIPT, PHP, SQL and JQUERY. The reason why web programming languages was used is because, it is platform independent and it is a web based application. This study is significance because its conclusions would be useful to: Human Resources Managers in the hotel and restaurants business, the Federal, State and Local Government, scholars in the field of hotel and restaurant management. The expected result is an Online Food Ordering System that will focus on food ordering, food menu, and payment on food delivery.

Induction motors, though robust, are prone to electrical and thermal stresses that can cause costly failures, while traditional protection devices are either too slow, prone to nuisance trips, or too expensive for small industries. The problem therefore lies in
the lack of an affordable, reliable, and adaptable protection system that integrates both electrical and thermal monitoring. The aim of the project is to design a micro- controller-based protection system for three-phase induction motors to detect faults
such as single-phasing, under voltage, and overheating. A functional protection system was built using the PIC16F877A micro-controller to achieve real-time monitoring and automatic motor isolation. The design employed ZMPT101B voltage sensors, an ACS712 current sensor, a DS18B20 temperature sensor, LM7805 regulator, ULN2003 driver, relay/contractor, and a 16×2 LCD. The
methodology involved circuit design and simulation, hardware assembly, and programming in Embedded C to process sensor data, and control the relay for fault response for phase failure or for temperature above 60 degrees. The performance of the system was rigorously evaluated through testing in both faulty and normal operating conditions. During fault simulation, the system
accurately identified phase loss, displaying "Phase Failure" on the LCD followed by the specific faulty phase voltages. When the motor temperature exceeded 60°C, the display indicated "Over Temp" and subsequently showed the actual real-time temperature measurement. Conversely, once the faults were cleared and the system was restored to normal operation (with phases at 220V and temperature below 60°C), the LCD confirmed that the Relay was switched ON, reconnecting the motor to the power source. Following this restoration, the system resumed its standard monitoring mode, displaying the actual temperature and operational parameters, thereby proving the system’s reliability in managing transitions between fault detection and safe recovery.

The increasing demand for secure, transparent, and efficient electoral processes has led to the adoption of online voting systems in universities. This project presents a PHP-based online voting system designed to provide a secure, user-friendly, and tamper-proof election platform for universities. The system enables student authentication, candidate registration, real-time vote
tallying, and automatic result generation after a set period. Security measures such as one-time voting enforcement and database encryption ensure election integrity. By leveraging web technologies, this system enhances electoral accessibility while minimizing fraud and administrative overhead, offering a scalable solution for university elections.