FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

This study assessed the adoption of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices among real estate developers in Benin City, Nigeria, with a view to promoting sustainable property development. The study sought to examine the profiles of real estate development companies in Benin City, evaluate their extent of ESG adoption, and identify the factors influencing the implementation of ESG principles. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to registered real estate developers operating in Benin City. Out of 43 identified firms, 30 valid responses were obtained and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that most developers were small- to medium-sized firms primarily engaged in residential and commercial developments. The overall level of ESG adoption was moderate, with Governance practices recording the highest adoption index (Mean = 3.14), followed by Social practices (Mean = 2.98) and Environmental practices (Mean = 2.86). Governance highlighted activities such as compliance monitoring, transparency, and property audits were more widely implemented than environmental initiatives such as renewable energy adoption and green roofing systems. The study further identified management leadership and commitment, availability of finance, perceived return on investment, and corporate strategy as the most significant factors influencing ESG adoption. Regression analysis showed that institutional factors exerted the strongest influence on ESG adoption, followed by organizational and market factors, collectively explaining 52.5% of the variation in ESG implementation among developers. The study concludes that while awareness of ESG principles is growing among real estate developers in Benin City, implementation remains largely moderate and compliance driven, with environmental and social dimensions receiving less attention than governance concerns. The study recommends the development of a comprehensive ESG regulatory framework, increased access to green financing, enhanced capacity building, and the institutionalization of ESG reporting standards to improve sustainability performance within Nigeria’s real estate sector. Keywords: Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG), Real Estate Development, Sustainability, Sustainable Property Development, Governance Practices, Benin City, Nigeria.

Building collapse remains a persistent challenge in Nigeria’s construction industry, resulting in significant loss of lives, injuries, and economic setbacks. Despite the existence of regulatory frameworks such as the Nigerian Building Code and the activities of monitoring agencies, incidences of structural failure continue to occur. In Edo State, although regulatory compliance efforts have shown improvements in recent years, isolated collapse events such as the 2024 three-storey building failure in Benin City highlight the need for a critical evaluation of the effectiveness of quality assurance mechanisms. This study investigated the influence of quality assurance mechanisms in mitigating building collapse incidences in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the quality assurance mechanisms available for collapse prevention, identified the factors influencing their effectiveness, and assessed their overall level of effectiveness. A quantitative survey research design was adopted, and data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to 268 construction professionals, of which 200 were validly completed and returned, representing an 84% response rate. Descriptive statistics and the Mean Item Score (MIS) technique were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that a broad range of quality assurance mechanisms are considered essential in mitigating collapse, with Quality Control Plans and Checklists (MIS = 4.10) and Defect Liability Period and Snagging (MIS = 4.09) ranked highest. Supply-chain challenges, weak regulatory enforcement, economic constraints, and poor procurement practices were identified as the most critical factors influencing QA effectiveness. The assessment of QA performance further showed that Continuous Monitoring and Feedback Loops (MIS = 4.54) and Mock-ups/Prototype Works (MIS = 4.53) were perceived as the most effective tools for collapse prevention. The study concludes that preventing building collapse requires an integrated and multi-layered quality assurance framework supported by strong regulatory enforcement, improved material control, enhanced professional supervision, and capacity development. It recommends strengthening regulatory institutions, adopting digital QA tools, improving supply-chain transparency, and implementing continuous professional training to enhance construction quality and safeguard public safety in Edo State.

This study examines the roles of Estate Surveyors and Valuers acting as attorneys in compulsory land acquisition, with particular emphasis on their selection process, performance, and the nature and extent of professional lapses as perceived by Project Affected Persons. The study adopts a cross sectional survey research design and focuses on three communities, Okunigho-Jesse, Ugbukurusu-Sapele, and Uzere. Primary data were obtained through structured questionnaires administered to Project Affected Persons. Sixty-six (66), One hundred and thirty-one (131), and fifty-five (55) questionnaires were administered in Okunigho-Jesse, Ugbukurusu-Sapele, and Uzere communities respectively while 62, 117, 53 questionnaires were retrieved respectively. Descriptive statistical tools, including frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and ranking, were used for data analysis. The findings reveal marked variations across the study communities. In Okunigho-Jesse and Uzere, the selection of Estate Surveyors and Valuers as attorneys was characterized by relatively high awareness, transparency, and participation of Project Affected Persons, resulting in high levels of satisfaction with both the selection process and the roles performed. Respondents in these communities expressed strong satisfaction with key attorney functions, particularly fair valuation of land and properties, effective negotiation with acquiring authorities, and advisory support during the acquisition process. Perceived professional lapses in these communities were generally low and limited mainly to issues of delayed communication and post-acquisition support. In contrast, the Ugbukurusu-Sapele Community recorded low levels of participation and transparency in the selection process, which translated into widespread dissatisfaction with attorney performance. Respondents in this community reported high levels of perceived professional lapses, including bias, conflict of interest, inadequate monitoring for irregularities or underpayment, and inaccurate or unfair valuations with mean values of 4.31, 4.21 and 4.17 respectively. The study further establishes a clear inverse relationship between satisfaction with attorney roles and the perceived extent of professional lapses. The study concludes that transparent and participatory selection processes, sustained professional engagement, effective communication, and strict adherence to ethical standards are critical to improving the performance of Estate Surveyors and Valuers acting as attorneys in compulsory land acquisition. It recommends stronger regulatory oversight, enhanced stakeholder participation, and a lifecycle approach to professional representation to promote fairness, trust, and socially sustainable acquisition outcomes.

This study examines Fura da Nono a traditional fermented milk and millet delicacy as a lens for exploring the Fulani people’s livelihood, political governance, socio-economic impacts, and the controversies surrounding their cultural and political roles in Nigeria., The research situates Fura da Nono not only as a nutritional staple but also as a socio-cultural marker of identity, migration patterns, and economic exchange among the Fulani. The work further probes the intricate structures of Fulani political governance, including traditional leadership systems, and assesses the socio-political impacts both positive and contentious of their presence in multi- ethnic Nigerian society. The study reveals that while Fura da Nono represents a unifying cultural symbol, issues such as herder-farmer conflicts, land use debates, and national integration challenges continue to generate public discourse and controversy. Findings contribute to broader discussions on cultural preservation, conflict resolution, and socio-economic development. The research concludes with recommendations for strengthening inter-ethnic harmony, supporting Fulani livelihood sustainability, and fostering inclusive governance frameworks. Using sculpture as a medium to convey the message, this project explores the rich cultural heritage of the Fulani people through the lens of Fura da Nono, using sculpture as a powerful medium to communicate their livelihood, political governance, impacts, and controversies in Nigeria.The sculptural representation captures the intricate process of marketing fura da Nono; a traditional fermented milk and millet delicacy highlighting the role of Fulani women in preserving this cultural practice and sustaining household economies. Beyond aesthetics, the sculpture embodies the broader socio-political narratives of the Fulani, reflecting their traditional governance systems and the contemporary challenges they face, including land disputes and ethnic tensions. Through form, texture, and symbolism, the artwork invites viewers to engage empathetically with Fulani identity, fostering cultural appreciation and dialogue. This artistic inquiry underscores the capacity of sculpture not only to preserve intangible heritage but also to provoke critical reflection on socio-economic realities and promote peaceful coexistence in Nigeria’s diverse society

This study examines urban regeneration and slum upgrading in Ogida District, Benin City, with the aim of developing a sustainable framework that can guide the improvement of living conditions in the area. Ogida is one of the older residential districts in Benin City and over time has experienced significant physical deterioration, inadequate infrastructure, and growing socio- economic challenges that have contributed to its classification as a blighted inner-city neighbourhood. The study was motivated by the absence of a coordinated, community-driven regeneration strategy for the district, despite its well-documented challenges including chronic flooding linked to clay-heavy soils and blocked drainage, deteriorating housing stock, insecure land tenure, and the progressive degradation of the ancient Benin Moat, a UNESCO-listed heritage site that passes through the area. Previous urban renewal attempts in Nigeria, particularly in Lagos and Abuja, have largely relied on demolition and forced relocation, producing displacement without sustainable improvement. This study takes a different position, arguing for in-situ upgrading as the more appropriate and humane approach. A mixed-method research design was adopted. Structured questionnaires were administered to one hundred residents of Ogida District, with a 100% response rate. Direct physical observation of the study area was also carried out alongside a review of relevant documents, policies, and empirical literature. Data were analysed using descriptive statistical methods including frequency tables, percentages, and pie charts. The findings reveal that Ogida has a predominantly young, low-income population, the majority of whom rely on informal economic activities for their livelihood. Housing conditions across the district are poor, with most buildings showing visible signs of deterioration and overcrowding. Basic infrastructure is inadequate, particularly drainage systems, roads, and waste management facilities. Flooding during the rainy season was identified as one of the most serious environmental problems affecting residents. Community participation in development planning is extremely limited, with over 74% of respondents reporting that they have never been consulted about development projects in their area, even though the overwhelming majority expressed willingness to be involved. Based on these findings, the study proposes a sustainable urban regeneration framework for Ogida District built around five pillars: infrastructure and basic services improvement, community participation and indigenous governance, environmental resilience, anti- displacement and social equity safeguards, and phased implementation with community ownership. The framework is designed as a replicable model that can be adapted for similar inner-city settlements across Benin City and Edo State. The study concludes that meaningful regeneration of Ogida requires a coordinated effort involving government agencies, urban planners, traditional community leaders, and residents themselves. Without genuine community involvement and government support, physical improvements alone will not be sustainable. Keywords: Urban Regeneration, Slum Upgrading, Ogida District, Benin City, Sustainable Framework, Community Participation, In-situ Upgrading, Flood Resilience

This project explores “The portraiture of an Oluwo of the Ogboni Society”, focusing on the visual and symbolic representation of Yoruba traditional authority and spirituality through painting. The study examines how portraiture serves as a medium for preserving cultural identity, transmitting moral values, and expressing the sacred power associated with leadership within Yoruba society. This study was aimed to examine the historical and contemporary significance of the Ogboni society in Yoruba culture and to translate its spiritual and political identity into visual representations through painting. The research combines practical studio production with theoretical analysis, referencing notable Nigerian portrait painters such as Aina Onabolu, Ben Enwonwu, Yusuf Grillo, and Kolade Oshinowo. Their approaches to composition, symbolism, and realism influenced the conceptual and stylistic direction of the artwork. The painting depicts the Oluwo seated in regal attire, surrounded by ancestral symbols and spiritual emblems that communicate wisdom, justice, and divine authority. Through the use of colour, form, and cultural motifs, the artwork celebrates the continuity between the living and the ancestral world, portraying the Oluwo as a custodian of tradition and moral order. This study reveals that portraiture can effectively represent spiritual and cultural values by merging realism with symbolic abstraction, allowing the artist to convey both the physical likeness and the inner essence of the subject. The work also shows that the careful selection of colours, traditional symbols, and compositional balance enhances the spiritual depth and cultural relevance of the painting.The project concludes that portraiture remains a powerful visual language for cultural documentation and the reaffirmation of African identity. It recommends that artists continue to explore traditional themes in contemporary art practice to strengthen cultural preservation and education.

The study titled “Comparative Analysis of the Challenges in Managing Commercial and Residential Properties in Benin City” examined the complex issues confronting estate surveyors, valuers, and property managers in ensuring effective and sustainable property management practices within Nigeria’s evolving real estate landscape. The research aimed to provide a detailed comparative evaluation of the management constraints peculiar to both commercial and residential property sectors in Benin City, with emphasis on identifying the underlying causes, management implications, and potential strategies for improvement. Property management has increasingly become a critical component of real estate practice, particularly in urban centers such as Benin City, where population growth, urbanization, and socio-economic changes have heightened the demand for efficient property utilization. Despite the professional efforts of estate surveyors and valuers, persistent management challenges ranging from financial constraints, tenant default, poor maintenance culture, legal bottlenecks, and environmental degradation continue to undermine performance outcomes. This study therefore explores the similarities and differences between the management of commercial and residential properties, analyzing how economic, technical, administrative, and behavioral factors influence property performance and value retention. Methodologically, the research adopted a comparative and descriptive design, supported by both primary and secondary data. Questionnaires were administered to registered estate firms, landlords, and tenants within 4 key locations in Benin City, and are Ugbowo, New Benin, Siluko Road, and Mission Road. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools to identify patterns and relationships between property types and management challenges. Findings revealed that while residential properties are predominantly affected by tenant-related issues such as rent default, overcrowding, and maintenance neglect, commercial properties face institutional and infrastructural constraints, including high operating costs, power supply irregularities, and legal enforcement challenges. The comparative analysis further demonstrates that professional property management by certified estate surveyors significantly enhances tenant satisfaction, rent stability, and property value appreciation in both sectors. The study concludes that effective property management in Benin City requires a multi- dimensional approach that integrates financial planning, preventive maintenance, digital record management, and stronger legal enforcement mechanisms. It recommends the adoption of technology-driven management systems, continuous professional training for estate managers, and the implementation of policy reforms that support transparent and sustainable property management practices. By highlighting the divergent yet interrelated challenges facing commercial and residential properties, the research contributes to the growing body of knowledge in Nigerian real estate management and provides a framework for improving management efficiency, client satisfaction, and property value preservation in Benin City and similar urban contexts.

This study evaluates the use of digital technologies within the Quantity Surveying practice in Benin City, Edo State, amid global trends of digital transformation in construction. Through comprehensive data collection from local professionals, the research identifies a pronounced awareness of foundational digital tools like Microsoft Excel and AutoCAD alongside limited practical use of advanced technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and specialized cost management software. The findings reveal significant barriers rooted in high costs, inadequate infrastructure, skill gaps, and resistance to change, which collectively hinder the full integration of digital solutions despite acknowledged operational benefits including increased speed, productivity, and accuracy. Anchored in the Technology Acceptance Model and Diffusion of Innovations theory, the study underscores the critical gap between awareness and usage, highlighting the need for targeted training, supportive policy frameworks, and infrastructural development to bridge this divide. The research contributes to a nuanced understanding of digital adoption challenges in developing contexts and proposes a strategic roadmap to enhance digital capacity, fostering modernization and competitiveness of the Quantity Surveying profession in Benin City

This study examines the economic potential of household organic waste management and its architectural implications for sustainable environmental design in Ekosodin Community, Benin City. Household organic waste, including food leftovers, vegetable and fruit peels, and garden waste, constitutes a significant portion of municipal solid waste, yet its economic and environmental value remains largely untapped. The research adopted a mixed-method approach, employing structured questionnaires administered to 100 households, key informant interviews with architects and waste management officials, and field observations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency distributions and percentages, and interpreted in relation to sustainable design principles. Findings reveal that open dumping and burning are the predominant disposal methods, while composting and waste segregation are minimally practiced. Most households lack designated spaces for organic waste storage and management, indicating a critical gap in residential architectural design that could facilitate sustainable waste handling. Awareness of the economic potential of organic waste was generally low, limiting participation in composting, urban agriculture, and biogas production initiatives. The study concludes that integrating waste-responsive design features into residential architecture, coupled with public awareness campaigns, infrastructural support, and policy enforcement, can transform household organic waste into valuable resources while promoting environmental sustainability. Recommendations include incorporating designated waste management spaces in building designs, establishing community composting centers, and implementing economic incentives for organic waste valorization. This research contributes to the understanding of the intersection between household waste management, architecture, and sustainable environmental design in Nigerian urban.

This Project undertakes the development and implementation deformation monitoring system for the Physics Department Building, with the primary objective of ensuring the safety and integrity of the structure, For buildings to remain structurally sound and safe, deformation monitoring is essential, especially for those that are subjected to changing loading bearing and climatic conditions over time. Using a multi-faceted approach, this study will employ a range of geodetic and geotechnical techniques, including Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Precise leveling and inclinometry, to monitor the buildings deformation patterns, including subsidence, settlement, and tilt. The project will investigate the effects of various factors such as soil conditions, foundation type and environmental changes on the buildings deformation behaviour, providing valuable insights into the structural health of the building. The deformation monitoring system will be designed to provide real-time data, enabling prompt identification of any anomalies or potential issues. This will facilitate informed decisions on maintenance, repair and potential retrofitting, ensuring the safety of occupants and the integrity of the structure. This study contributes to the development of effective deformation monitoring systems for buildings, which is critical for ensuring the safety and resilience of built infrastructure. The findings of this project will have the development of best practices in deformation monitoring and structural health assessment, and will inform the development of more effective strategies for managing and maintaining buildings in a variety of environments.