Department of Geomatics

Urban development projects rely heavily on accurate and detailed mapping to ensure efficient planning and management of resources. This study focuses on producing a comprehensive digitized map of Iyekogba Housing Estate, situated in the Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. The aim of this project is to create a detailed map that encompasses all essential features, landmarks, and amenities within the estate. Achieving this aim involves the use of advanced mapping techniques to generate precise spatial data that can support informed decision-making in urban planning and development initiatives. The methodology employed in this project involves the use of Oscar Tersus GNSS equipment to acquire survey data (X, Y, Z coordinates) of the entire estate. Subsequently, the collected data is processed using various software applications, including AutoCAD, ArcGIS, and Microsoft Excel. These software tools enable the integration, analysis, and visualization of the survey data, leading to the creation of a detailed map that accurately represents the spatial characteristics of Iyekogba Housing Estate. The results of the project are presented in accordance with the specified objectives. Firstly, the detailed map reveals the well-organized layout of individual plots (buildings) within the estate, indicating a planned development approach. Also a perimeter plan was created using AutoCAD to accurately define the boundary of Iyekogba Housing Estate. According to the perimeter plan analysis, the estate occupies an area of 510,538.983 square meters with a perimeter of 3,083.53 meters. Furthermore, a contour map was generated using ArcGIS to visualize the topographical characteristics of the study area. The contour map illustrates the elevation variations across the estate. In conclusion, this project successfully achieves its aim of producing a detailed map.

This project presents the findings of a perimeter and detailed survey conducted at the Chevron Main Office (TOPCON) Ekpan, Uvwie Local Government Area, Delta State. The primary aim was to produce a comprehensive report on the property's boundaries and the features present within the area. This was to facilitate adequate planning and guide future development initiatives for the company's yard. The survey was essential for understanding the current level of structures and
developments, thereby identifying how remaining space could be managed or utilized for new construction projects.

The methodology involved several key stages, including office planning, field reconnaissance, and rigoroustesting of the survey equipment, a South NTS 362R Total Station, to ensure data accuracy. Fieldwork consisted of perimeter line cutting, traversing to establish control points, and a detailed survey to capture all natural and man-made features. Notable features mapped include administrative buildings, a helipad, warehouses, car parks, a basketball court, and the concrete wall fence defining the property boundary. Data processing involved computing coordinates, checking linear and angular accuracy, and calculating the total area. The results yielded a detailed digital plan of the site, produced using AutoCAD 2007 software at
a scale of 1:2,500. The survey achieved a high linear accuracy of 1:37,000 and determined the total area of the property to be 9.006 hectares. Analysis revealed that a significant portion of the land remains developed, indicating ample space for future projects. The final plan and report serve as a reliable base map and a functional database for the various land use types, fulfilling the project's objectives and providing a vital tool for the company's infrastructural planning and decision- making.

This project involves the Detailing of Junior Staff Quarters, University of Benin using GNSS receiver. Detail surveys are surveys made to determine the locations of natural and man-made (cultural) features on the Earth’s surface. Once these features are located, they can be represented on maps and survey plans. The project site is the Junior Staff Quarters section of the University of Benin Ugbowo campus, located within three Local Government reas i.e. Egor, Ovia north-east and Ikpoba-okha local government area, Benin City Edo state, Nigeria. The project area is
geographically located in Egor local government area within longitude 5°37'10.89"E and latitude 6°23'44.66"N and longitude 5°37'13.75"E, and latitude 6°23'38.10"N.
The GNSS equipment, specifically the Tersus David, played a pivotal role in accurately surveying both natural and man-made features within the project area. The total area covered encompassed 4.47 hectares, while the perimeter measured 1,009.89 meters. Subsequently, the perimeter and detailed plans were meticulously crafted using AutoCAD software, employing a scale of 1:1500, and presented on standard A3 paper. This meticulous approach ensured precision and clarity in the
project's documentation and representation.
This research project is aimed at developing a survey plan for the study area. The primary objective is to facilitate seamless navigation within the study area for students, staff, and visitors, with a particular focus on supporting property and infrastructure development initiatives.

The rapid urbanization and expansion of cities have become a global concern, with a profound impact on the environment, infrastructure, and the quality of life for residents. This study focuses on ETI-OSA Local Government Area, an area characterized by significant population growth and urbanization which makes it important to monitor and understand the dynamics of urban sprawl so as to ensure the well-being of the study area’s residents and the responsible use of resources.
To assess urban sprawl in ETI-OSA, this study employed a multidisciplinary approach that integrates Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Landsat Satellite imageries were acquired for the periods under study, that is, Landsat 4-5 for 1994, Landsat 7 and 9 for 2004 and 2014, and Landsat 9 for 2024. The techniques employed in this research are mosaicking, image clipping and supervised classification.

The results of this study shed light on the extent and patterns of urban sprawl in ETI-OSA Local Government Area. The analysis indicates a significant increase in urbanized land areas over the study period of 30 years which quantifies the extent of urban sprawl and its spatial distribution. This trend is a clear manifestation of urban expansion and population growth in the region. The implications of these findings are profound, as they provide valuable insights for land-use planning, resource allocation, and infrastructure development.

Accurate topographic mapping is vital for effective land-use planning, infrastructure development, and environmental monitoring. The integration of advanced remote sensing
techniques, particularly the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), is highly advantageous for creating efficient and precise terrain models. The importance of high-resolution topographic
data cannot be overstated, as it is integral to engineering applications and geospatial analysis. This study aims to produce a detailed topographic map of the University of Benin's Ugbowo
Campus, located along the Benin-Lagos Expressway in Benin City, Nigeria, utilizing the DJI Phantom 4 RTK drone. The methodology employed key topographic parameters, including elevation, slope, aspect, and terrain variation, to create a high-accuracy Digital Elevation Model (DEM). A UAV was operated at an altitude of 120 meters in a 3D flight mode, capturing high-resolution aerial imagery. To ensure precise geo-referencing of the orthophoto, Real-time Kinematic (RTK) GPS technology was utilized with an RTK-enabled drone, thus eliminating the need for Ground Control Points (GCPs). The acquired imagery was then processed to produce an orthophoto, which served as the basis for deriving the DEM, and contour lines were extracted at 5-meter intervals to illustrate elevation variations. The accuracy of the model was assessed through a positional accuracy analysis, revealing that the generated topographic data achieved a remarkable precision of less than 5 cm. This outcome
underscores the high accuracy of UAV-based mapping techniques. The resulting topographic map provides a comprehensive representation of the terrain, facilitating improved decision- making in urban planning, construction, and geospatial analysis. In conclusion, this research showcases the effectiveness of UAV photogrammetry, particularly through the integration of RTK technology, in producing precise topographic maps. It highlights the promise of UAV-based surveys as a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional surveying methods, especially in challenging or inaccessible terrain. By achieving exceptional positional accuracy, these techniques not only enhance the quality of the collected data but also significantly contribute to improved decision-making across various domains, including urban planning and construction.

Flooding remains one of the most devastating environmental hazards in Nigeria, with severe impacts on lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure. Etsako West Local Government Area (LGA) of Edo State is particularly vulnerable due to its low-lying terrain, proximity to rivers, and recurring seasonal rainfall. This study applied Geospatial Information System (GIS) and the Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) to assess and map flood vulnerability across the LGA. Key geospatial and socioenvironmental indicators including elevation, slope, land use/land cover, distance to rivers,soil type, and population density, were integrated and weighted to generate a composite Flood Vulnerability Index. The resulting map classified the area into four risk categories: very high, high, moderate, and low. Findings revealed that very high-risk zones, occupying about 22% of the land area, are concentrated in riverine communities such as Anegbette, Udaba, and Osomegbe, while high-risk areas (33%) extend across Aviele and Iyakpi. Moderate- and low-risk zones accounted for 27% and 18% respectively, with upland towns like Auchi and Jattu benefiting from higher elevation and better drainage. Notably, nearly two-thirds of the population reside within high or very high vulnerability zones, underscoring the human dimension of flood risk. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of GIS-based multi-criteria analysis for local-scale flood assessment and provides an evidence-based tool to support disaster preparedness, land-use planning, and sustainable development in Etsako West and similar flood-prone regions of Nigeria

This study presents the stochastic modeling and quantification of multipath error in static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations processed using RTKLIB. Multipath remains a major source of positioning inaccuracy, particularly in obstructed environments. The research statistically characterizes multipath and evaluates its contribution to overall observation uncertainty through a data-driven modeling approach. Static GNSS data were collected under two contrasting conditions, an open-sky environment and a multipath-prone site, using Tersus GNSS receivers. Pseudorange residuals, satellite elevation angles, and carrier-to-noise ratios (C/N₀) were extracted from RTKLIB output files and filtered with a Python-based parser to ensure consistency. The cleaned datasets were then used to develop a stochastic model expressing observation variance as a function of satellite elevation and signal strength. Parameter estimation employed least squares and non-negative least squares (NNLS) regression to ensure physically meaningful variance predictions. Results from the open-sky dataset revealed a baseline variance (σ₀²) of 0.000000 m² and an elevation-dependent coefficient a₁ = 1.6456, indicating stable, low-noise observations. The multipath-prone site exhibited a much larger baseline variance (σ₀² = 142.97 m²) and stronger elevation and signal dependency (a₁ = 10.063, a₂ = 4.79 × 10⁸), reflecting severe distortion from signal reflection. About 25% of pseudorange variance in open-sky conditions was explained by elevation and C/N₀, slightly less under multipath due to irregular reflections. Multipath variances showed heavy-tailed distributions, with 95th-percentile values of 2,726 m² (≈52.2 m) under multipath and 63.6 m² (≈8.0 m) in open-sky conditions. Certain PRNs were consistently more affected, confirming the directional dependency of multipath. The developed stochastic model effectively relates satellite geometry and signal strength to pseudorange
precision, providing a reliable framework for improving GNSS accuracy in multipath environments

This project focuses on the detailed mapping of the Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Benin, using modern geospatial technologies such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and AutoCAD. The study aims to produce an accurate, up-to-date, and comprehensive spatial representation of the Faculty, serving as a vital resource for future development, infrastructure planning, and facility management. The main objectives include generating a detailed and georeferenced map showing all key facilities and infrastructures, producing a perimeter plan that defines the Faculty’s boundaries, and creating a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) to represent the topography and terrain variations within the study area. The methodology adopted involved office and field reconnaissance, data acquisition using Trimble GNSS receivers, data processing, and map generation through GIS and CAD platforms. The processed data provided valuable spatial insights into the Faculty’s physical layout, infrastructure distribution, and elevation characteristics. The contour, TIN, and DEM maps generated will support engineering design, environmental management, and urban planning within the Faculty. The study concludes that the integration of GNSS and GIS technologies enhances the efficiency, accuracy, and quality of mapping projects. It is recommended that regular geospatial updates be conducted to monitor infrastructural changes and to support continuous development and sustainable campus management at the University of Benin.

Rapid urbanization and land-use modification have intensified surface temperatures in many developing cities, including Benin City, Nigeria. This study assessed the spatio-temporal variations in Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity in Benin City from 2014 to 2024, and examined the relationship between land-cover changes and surface thermal patterns using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Landsat satellite imagery was processed to derive LST, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land-Use/Land-Cover (LULC) maps. Change detection analysis, raster differencing, and statistical evaluation were used to quantify temperature variations, land-cover transitions, and UHI development. Results showed a noticeable increase in surface temperature over the study period, particularly within built-up areas where expansion and conversion of vegetated land were observed. Vegetation loss weakened natural cooling functions, while the growth of impervious surfaces contributed to higher thermal retention. Correlation analysis further confirmed a strong negative relationship between NDVI and LST, indicating that areas with dense vegetation experienced significantly lower temperatures. UHI hotspots intensified within densely urbanized zones, reflecting the impact of urban growth on thermal conditions. The study concludes that urbanization in Benin City is a major driver of increasing surface temperature and strengthening UHI effects. It emphasizes the need for sustainable urban planning strategies, including urban greening, heat-responsive development, and environmental regulation, to enhance thermal comfort and climate resilience. Findings provide valuable geospatial insight for policymakers, urban planners, and environmental stakeholders in promoting climate-adaptive development within the city

Water distribution plays a vital role in ensuring the sustainability and functionality of institutional environments. The University of Benin (UNIBEN), Ugbowo Campus, has experienced increasing water supply challenges over the years due to population growth, uneven distribution, leakages, and aging infrastructure. This project focused on the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to analyze and manage the existing water distribution network of the campus with the aim of improving efficiency, monitoring, and future planning. Both spatial and non-spatial data were obtained through field surveys, and records from the UNIBEN Works Department. The data were processed and integrated into a geospatial database using ArcGIS 10.8 and Google Earth. The study involved the generation of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and 3D terrain analysis to determine the relationship between topography and water flow. Population projection and water demand analysis were carried out using the compound growth rate method and standard per capita consumption rate of 150 litres per person per day. The results showed that the campus terrain ranges from 74 to 121 metres above mean sea level, with the UNIBEN Water Scheme strategically located at the highest elevation to support a gravity-fed distribution system. The projected population increased from 40,320 in 2015 to 76,576 in 2040, representing an 89.9% rise over the 25-year design period. Consequently, the maximum daily water demand was estimated to increase from approximately 10.89 million litres in 2015 to 20.68 million litres in 2040. The pipeline network mapping revealed a well-structured system composed mainly of Asbestos Cement (AC) and PVC pipes, though aging sections require replacement. iv In conclusion, the integration of GIS technology proved to be an effective tool for analyzing, managing, and visualizing water distribution systems. The study provides a comprehensive spatial database that can assist the University in maintenance planning, leak detection, infrastructure upgrading, and sustainable water management. It also demonstrates that GIS-based approaches can significantly improve decision-making in institutional water supply systems and serve as a model for similar environments across Nigeria.