BENIN CITY

This study assessed the adoption of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices among real estate developers in Benin City, Nigeria, with a view to promoting sustainable property development. The study sought to examine the profiles of real estate development companies in Benin City, evaluate their extent of ESG adoption, and identify the factors influencing the implementation of ESG principles. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to registered real estate developers operating in Benin City. Out of 43 identified firms, 30 valid responses were obtained and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that most developers were small- to medium-sized firms primarily engaged in residential and commercial developments. The overall level of ESG adoption was moderate, with Governance practices recording the highest adoption index (Mean = 3.14), followed by Social practices (Mean = 2.98) and Environmental practices (Mean = 2.86). Governance highlighted activities such as compliance monitoring, transparency, and property audits were more widely implemented than environmental initiatives such as renewable energy adoption and green roofing systems. The study further identified management leadership and commitment, availability of finance, perceived return on investment, and corporate strategy as the most significant factors influencing ESG adoption. Regression analysis showed that institutional factors exerted the strongest influence on ESG adoption, followed by organizational and market factors, collectively explaining 52.5% of the variation in ESG implementation among developers. The study concludes that while awareness of ESG principles is growing among real estate developers in Benin City, implementation remains largely moderate and compliance driven, with environmental and social dimensions receiving less attention than governance concerns. The study recommends the development of a comprehensive ESG regulatory framework, increased access to green financing, enhanced capacity building, and the institutionalization of ESG reporting standards to improve sustainability performance within Nigeria’s real estate sector. Keywords: Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG), Real Estate Development, Sustainability, Sustainable Property Development, Governance Practices, Benin City, Nigeria.

The study examined the role of Independent Television (ITV) and Edo Broadcasting Service (EBS) in promoting civic education and community development among residents of Benin City. The objectives of the study, were to examine the extent to which Independent Television and Edo Broadcasting Service provide content that promotes civic education among residents of Benin City, assess the perception of Benin City residents regarding the effectiveness of ITV and EBS in enhancing their knowledge of civic duties, governance, and community development initiatives, compare the contributions of a private broadcast station and a state-owned station in promoting civic awareness and community engagement, and identify challenges faced by ITV and EBS in fulfilling their social responsibility mandate. The study was anchored on the Social Responsibility Theory, Agenda-Setting Theory, and Development Media Theory. The researcher adopted a survey research design, with data collected from 400 sampled residents of Benin City, drawn through stratified sampling across seven local government areas, using a structured questionnaire as the research instrument. Findings from the study revealed that ITV provides more consistent civic education content than EBS, with residents frequently encountering civic-related programmes on the station. Secondly, the study discovered that residents perceive ITV as more effective in improving their understanding of civic duties such as voting and civic participation, while EBS is perceived as more effective in improving knowledge of governance and public policies. Thirdly, the findings showed that ITV contributes more strongly to civic awareness and audience engagement, while EBS provides more detailed coverage of community development programmes, indicating that both stations possess distinct but complementary strengths. The study also found that inadequate funding and political influence remain major challenges limiting both stations’ ability to fulfil their social responsibility mandate, among others. Based on the findings, it is concluded that television broadcasting remains an important tool for civic education and community development in Benin City, and that sustained investment, editorial independence, and improved programming are needed for ITV and EBS to maximise their contributions. This study recommended that, both stations should increase the frequency and consistency of civic education programmes and combine them with interactive communication strategies such as phone-in sessions and public forums. ITV should improve its coverage of governance-related issues while EBS improves its programme appeal, and both stations should strengthen credibility and public trust through balanced, independent reporting that keeps civic content focused on public interest rather than political interests.

This study investigated the prevalence, types, and impact of anxiety on academic performance and wellbeing among undergraduate students at the University of Benin, Ugbowo Campus, Benin City, Nigeria. Anxiety, characterized by excessive worry, fear, physiological arousal, and cognitive interference, has become a pervasive mental health challenge among university students globally and in Nigeria, exacerbated by academic pressures, economic hardships, infrastructural deficits, erratic academic calendars, and socio-cultural factors. The study was guided by four specific objectives: (1) to determine the prevalence of anxiety and its relationship with academic performance; (2) to identify the prevalent types of anxiety; (3) to examine the relationship between anxiety and Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA); and (4) to explore the effects of anxiety on students’ overall wellbeing. It adopted an ethnographic research design with survey elements, underpinned by Power-Control Theory and Cognitive Interference Theory. A sample of 120 full-time undergraduate students was selected through multi-stage sampling techniques (random selection of faculties and departments, followed by stratified sampling by level of study and gender). Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered face-to-face and analyzed with descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and tables) using SPSS. The findings revealed a high and escalating prevalence of anxiety among undergraduates, with levels significantly higher than at entry into the university. Test/examination anxiety was the most dominant type, followed by general worry, career/future anxiety, and financial worries. Anxiety was perceived to substantially impair concentration, study habits, class attendance, and CGPA, although moderate anxiety was noted by some as potentially facilitative. On wellbeing, anxiety was associated with poor sleep, physical symptoms, emotional exhaustion, social withdrawal, and strained relationships. Students predominantly relied on informal coping strategies such as prayer and peer support, with low awareness and utilization of formal university mental health services. The study concludes that anxiety constitutes a significant barrier to academic success and holistic student development at the University of Benin. It recommends the strengthening of institutional counselling services, integration of mental health education into academic programs, policy reforms to reduce academic stress, and broader governmental support for student mental health. These interventions are essential for improving academic performance, retention, and the overall quality of higher education in Nigeria. Keywords: Anxiety, academic performance, CGPA, undergraduate students, University of Benin, mental health, wellbeing, test anxiety.

This study explored consumer attitudes toward the brand reputations of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Oredo Local Government Area, Benin City. This research aimed to identify the key factors influencing consumer perceptions, assess the impact of brand reputation on trust and loyalty, and examine the roles of social media and word-of-mouth in shaping attitudes toward SMEs. To guide this investigation, the study is rooted in the theories of “Brand Equity Theory " and " Theory of Planned Behaviour.” Using a structured questionnaire distributed to 200 respondents, quantitative data were collected and analyzed using frequency distribution and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that factors such as product and service quality, customer service, and brand consistency significantly influence how consumers perceive SME brands. The results also show that a strong brand reputation enhances consumer trust, fosters loyalty, and positively influences purchasing decisions. Social media engagement and word-of-mouth were found to be powerful tools in shaping public perception, often amplifying both positive and negative brand experiences. The study concludes that SMEs in Oredo LGA must invest strategically in building and maintaining a reputable brand image through quality delivery, customer engagement, and digital presence. Therefore, it is recommended that conducting regular brand perception surveys can help SMEs understand how they are viewed by consumers thus feedback should inform strategy and identify areas for improvement.

This research explores the influence of social media on consumer buying behavior in Benin City, Edo State. In today’s digital age, social media has become an integral part of everyday life, revolutionizing the way consumers interact with brands, access product information, and make purchase decisions. The study investigates how platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok affect the purchasing attitudes, preferences, and behaviors of consumers in the area. It aims to determine the extent to which social media marketing strategies, online reviews, influencer endorsements, and targeted advertisements impact the decision-making process of The research adopted a quantitative method through the use of structured questionnaires distributed among residents of Benin City. A purposive sampling technique was used to target active social media users. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics to draw meaningful inferences. The findings reveal that social media significantly affects consumer behavior by increasing product awareness, shaping perceptions, and encouraging impulse buying. Additionally, consumers tend to rely heavily on peer recommendations, influencer posts, and social media trends when deciding what to purchase. The study concludes that social media is a powerful marketing tool that businesses must strategically harness to influence consumer behavior positively. It recommends that marketers focus on creating engaging content, collaborating with credible influencers, and maintaining responsive customer service online. This will not only enhance customer trust and loyalty but also drive sales growth in a highly competitive digital marketplace.

Marital stability is a critical component of social cohesion and community development. However, in recent times, marital crises have become increasingly prevalent in many Nigerian communities, including Oregbeni, Benin City. This study investigates the socio- cultural determinants of marital crisis among residents of the Oregbeni community, with the aim of identifying the key cultural, economic, and social factors that contribute to marital instability. The research adopts a descriptive survey design, utilizing questionnaires and interviews to collect data from a representative sample of married individuals and community leaders. indings reveal that factors such as traditional gender roles, economic hardship, family interference, cultural expectations regarding fertility, and changing moral values significantly influence the occurrence and intensity of marital conflicts. The study also highlights how modernization and exposure to Western lifestyles have altered perceptions of marriage and spousal responsibilities, leading to a clash between traditional norms and contemporary values. It concludes that addressing marital crises in Oregbeni requires a holistic approach, incorporating community-based counseling, public enlightenment, and socio-economic empowerment programs. The research recommends greater community sensitization on marital communication, gender equity, and conflict resolution to promote stable and harmonious family life within the community.

The rising demand for sustainable and affordable housing in Nigeria has drawn attention to the use of environmentally friendly and cost-effective building materials. This study explores the potential of timber as a construction material for sustainable and affordable housing and building development in Benin City, Edo State. Timber, being a renewable and locally available resource, offers significant advantages in terms of energy efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and economic viability. The research assesses the level of timber adoption in the local construction industry, evaluates its suitability in terms of structural performance, cost, and sustainability, and examines the challenges hindering its widespread use. Findings indicate that while timber is perceived positively for its aesthetic and thermal qualities, concerns regarding durability, fire resistance, and regulatory gaps remain key obstacles. The study concludes that with proper treatment, policy support, and awareness campaigns, timber can play a critical role in addressing Nigeria's housing deficit sustainably and affordably. Recommendations are made for policymakers, architects, and developers on strategies to promote timber adoption in future building projects.

Architectural facades play a vital role in shaping the identity, functionality, and aesthetic appeal of buildings, particularly in urban environments. This research investigates the incorporation of architectural facades in buildings within Benin City, Edo State, focusing on their social, cultural, and environmental impacts. The study explores how façade design contributes to the character of the built environment, enhances user experience, promotes climate responsiveness, and reflects local identity. Despite their significance, many buildings in Benin City lack thoughtful façade integration due to limited awareness, economic constraints, and insufficient design regulation. Through field observations, case studies, and stakeholder interviews, this research examines existing façade applications and identifies best practices for context-appropriate designs. The findings reveal that well-designed facades improve urban aesthetics, increase building efficiency, and foster a stronger sense of place. The study concludes that a deliberate approach to façade integration considering climate, culture, and functionality are essential for sustainable urban development. Key recommendations include promoting design education, enforcing architectural standards, and encouraging innovation to support meaningful façade design in Benin City. This research offers practical insights for architects, developers, and policymakers committed to enhancing the urban fabric through facade-conscious architecture.

This project focused on checking the microbiological quality of different snacks sold within the University of Benin campus. The study was carried out to find out if the snacks commonly eaten by students are safe and free from harmful microorganisms. Snacks such as meat pie, chicken pie, egg roll, fish roll, doughnut, and puff-puff were selected because these foods are among the most popular foods sold by vendors around the school. Samples were collected from various vending points across the university and analyzed using standard laboratory methods. The total number of bacteria and fungi present in each snack was determined, and the organisms were identified using gram staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were also performed to know how the bacterial isolates responded to common antibiotics. The results showed that all the snacks contained microorganisms, but at different levels. Egg roll and meat pie had the highest bacterial counts, while puff-puff showed the lowest. Common bacteria found included Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis, while fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were also isolated. Some bacteria were resistant to certain antibiotics but remained sensitive to others. This study concludes that while most snacks sold within the University of Benin are within acceptable limits of microbial safety, the presence of some harmful microorganisms shows that hygiene during preparation and handling needs to be improved. Regular health checks for food handlers and proper hygiene education are strongly recommended to prevent foodborne infections among students.

The potential public health risk associated with ready-to-eat (RTE) fruits sold in open markets was investigated through a microbiological assessment of three popular fruits: Apple, Pineapple, and Watermelon. A total of three samples were purchased from a market in Benin City and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques, including serial dilution, plating on selective media, and biochemical analysis. The mean total bacterial count was highest in Pineapple and lowest in Apple, while the mean total fungi count was highest in Apple and lowest in Watermelon. Bacterial isolates included Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter. Fungal isolates included Aspergillus niger, Yeasts, Penicillium species, and Mucor. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed isolates with resistance to multiple drugs, including Rocephin, Pefloxacin, and Ampliclox (for Gram-positive bacteria), while showing susceptibility to agents like Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin, and Amoxicillin. The presence of these pathogenic and opportunistic micro-organisms confirms the contamination of the RTE fruits, which poses a significant public health hazard. This poor microbiological quality is likely due to unhygienic preparation environments, contaminated water, improper handling, and environmental exposure. Regulatory bodies must enhance surveillance, and vendors should strictly adhere to safe food handling practices. Consumers are advised to ensure proper washing of fruits before consumption.