ANXIETY

Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a relatively simple, safe, and minimally invasive radiological examination used to visualize the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes through the introduction of a contrast medium. Beyond its diagnostic value, HSG also offers therapeutic benefits in the assessment and management planning of infertility. This randomized controlled trial was conducted to determine how pre-procedure education and counseling influence pain perception and anxiety levels among women undergoing HSG. A total of sixty-nine (69) women were selected using a purposive sampling method to ensure appropriate representation of individuals scheduled for the procedure. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for assessing pain intensity, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for evaluating anxiety before, during, and after the examination. All collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Socio-demographic analysis showed that 25 participants (36.2%) were between 20–29 years, 24 (34.8%) were aged 30–39 years, and 20 (29.0%) fell within 40–49 years. Regarding educational attainment, 44 respondents (63.8%) had university or postgraduate qualifications, whereas 25 (36.2%) had only primary or secondary school education. The majority, 53 women (76.8%), were married. Of the
participants, 35 (50.7%) were assigned to the intervention group and received comprehensive information about the HSG procedure, while 34 (49.3%) formed the control group and did not receive such guidance. Within the intervention group, 32 women (91.4%) reported that the education and counseling were extremely beneficial, while the remaining 3 (8.6%) found them moderately helpful. Pain assessment revealed that in the control group, 58.8% experienced moderate pain and 41.2% reported severe pain. Conversely, among the intervention group, 82.9% reported only mild pain and 17.1% experienced moderate pain. Anxiety levels followed a similar pattern: 67.7% of the control group exhibited high anxiety, whereas 88.6% of the intervention group reported minimal anxiety. Hypothesis testing indicated that all comparisons between the control and intervention groups yielded p-values less than 0.05, signifying statistically significant differences. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis was accepted.

Visual disorders have a profound impact on the overall well-being of individuals, often extending beyond physical impairments to include psychological and emotional challenges. This research assessed the prevalence and levels of depression, anxiety and
stress among persons with visual disorders within the University of Benin community. This study employed the use of a structured questionnaire as well as the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) self-report questionnaire. The results of the study showed that the prevalence of depression was 61.0% with majority (28.2%) of the respondents having moderate depression levels. Length of time of managing their ocular condition was statistically significant with p=0.021. The prevalence of anxiety among respondents was 73.75% with majority (34.5%) of the respondents having moderate anxiety levels. Length of time of managing their ocular condition was statistically significant with p=0.038. While the p (12.5%) of the respondents having mild stress levels. Age, Level of education and Length of time of managing their ocular condition were all statistically significant with p=0.058. 0,020 and 0.047 respectively. Refractive errors accounted for majority (65.8%) of the visual disorders found within this region and thus the most frequently experienced. This research serves as proof that emphasizes the importance of addressing the mental health needs of individuals with visual disorders and, subsequently, to inform thedevelopment of strategies for early detection, intervention and support.

This research work seeks to examine the assessment of depression and anxiety among the University of Benin students, using the Faculty of Social Sciences. The study made use of a questionnaire to obtain data from respondents. Five objectives were set for the study. The study found that there was no difference between male and female students based on depression and anxiety. The results of the analysis conducted revealed that there was no significant difference between younger students and older students based on depression and anxiety. The results of this study also show that course levels did not significantly predict depression and anxiety. However, the findings suggest that students who use substances reported significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety than those who do not use substances. Lastly, students with a family history of psychiatric illness reported significantly higher depression and anxiety than students with no family history of psychiatric illness. The study made recommendations that were directed toward university administrators, mental health professionals, policymakers, and students, aiming to address the underlying factors contributing to mental health challenges in the university population.