Chia seed (Salvia hispanica) are small edible seed with high nutritional and medicinal values. This study was carried out to investigates the antimicrobial and phytochemical constituents of the seeds. The aqueous and ethanol extract of the seed were screened for antimicrobial effects against six bacterial isolates :Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytochemical screening for flavonoids, tannins, sterols, saponins, glycosides and alkaloids were carried out by standard methods. The results showed that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities. At 100 mg/ml concentration, the aqueous extract produced inhibition zones of 20.00 mm against Escherichia coli and 14.00 mm against Streptococcus sp., while the ethanolic extract showed 16.00 mm and 18.00 mm, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited inhibition zones of 21.00 mm (aqueous) and 10.00 mm (ethanolic), and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed 7.00 mm (aqueous) and 14.00 mm (ethanolic). However, Staphylococcus aureus did not exhibit significant inhibition in either extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration analysis revealed that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts had MIC values of 100 mg/ml for Streptococcus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interestingly, Escherichia coli did not show an MIC with the ethanolic extract, suggesting variable susceptibility across bacterial strains. The minimum bactericidal concentration results indicated that the ethanolic extract was bacteriostatic, while the aqueous extract exhibited bactericidal activity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, sterols, saponins and glycosides in both extracts, while alkaloids were absent. These findings highlight the promising antimicrobial potential of chia seed oil extracts, demonstrating it’s efficacy against a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

The study investigated the critical analysis of student’s attitudes towards the study of English Language as a subject in some selected secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. The design adopted for this study was the descriptive survey research method. Four research questions were raised to guide this study. The population of the study was a total number of five secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo state. The sample size for this study was a total number of one hundred (100) students adopting the random sampling method. The data retrieved from respondents were collected using questionnaire instrument and analyzed using simple percentage. From the findings of the study, it was revealed that inadequate instructional facilities affects student’s attitudes towards the study of English Language. Also, it was concluded from findings that majority of schools in Oredo Local Government, encounter problems of inadequate instructional facilities which has reduced the motivation of students to learn. It was therefore recommended that authorities in charge of secondary schools in education in Oredo local government, should provide functional instructional facilities for secondary schools. It was also recommended that English Language teachers should devote more time to their students and also improvise special teaching aids to boost the interest of the students.

In today's rapidly evolving industrial landscape, ensuring the effective training and development of the workforce is paramount. This abstract provides an overview of the design and implementation of an innovative Online Industrial Training Monitoring System (OITMS) aimed at enhancing the efficiency and transparency of industrial training programs. The OITMS is a comprehensive web-based platform designed to streamline the management of industrial training processes across diverse industries. It integrates advanced technologies, including data analytics, user-friendly interfaces, and real-time communication tools, to facilitate seamless training program administration and monitoring. The key features of the OITMS encompass:
1. User-Friendly Interface: Intuitive interface for administrators and trainees.
2. Training Program Management: Create, schedule, and manage training programs with ease.
3. Real-time Progress Tracking: Monitor attendance, performance, and completion in real time.
4. Resource Allocation: Optimize resource allocation, from trainers to facilities.
5. Assessment and Evaluation: Conduct assessments and analyze results for program improvement.
6. Data Analytics: Generate reports and insights for informed decision-making.
7. Security and Data Privacy: Ensures data security and compliance with privacy regulations.
8. Scalability and Customization: Adaptable to unique training needs.
9. Remote Access: Facilitates participation from anywhere, anytime.
The OITMS promises to enhance training programs, empower workforce development, reduce administrative burdens, and boost operational efficiency. By implementing the Online Industrial Training Monitoring System, organizations can optimize their training programs, enhance the skill development of their workforce, reduce administrative burdens, and ultimately improve their
overall operational efficiency.

Mass media, particularly social media platforms, have become powerful tools for developing entrepreneurial skills among youths in Edo state. With the advent of technology and widespread internet access, these platforms have revolutionized communication and provided a platform for young entrepreneurs to showcase their talents, connect with potential customers, and acquire valuable business knowledge. The study became necessary in other to determine mass media as tools for developing entrepreneurial skills amongst youths in Edo State. Using the survey Design, 8 - item questionnaire was used to generate data from 400youths purposively selected to represent and reflect the opinions of youths present in the university of Benin. The study revealed social media is an important tool in developing entrepreneurial skills in our society. It was discovered that young entrepreneurs prefers using Instagram for acquiring skills. The study also revealed that youths are exposed to social media to a large extent. The challenges youths encounter were Limited Access to reliable information, Difficulty in distinguishing information, lack of interaction and feedback, Information overload, Difficulty in distinguishing credible sources Hence it was recommended that Experts should ensure they their entrepreneurial message are well designed for social media users or young entrepreneurs also social media platforms should be simple and flexible. In conclusion, social media has emerged as a crucial tool for developing entrepreneurial skills among youths in Edo state. It enables young entrepreneurs to promote their businesses, connect with industry professionals, access valuable resources, and showcase their creativity. By leveraging these platforms effectively, aspiring entrepreneurs can enhance their business acumen, establish a strong brand presence, and contribute to the economic growth of the state.

A compact disc, sometimes referred to as a CD, is an optical digital medium that can hold various types of data, including documents, audio, photos, and video. Understanding the bacterial load in stored CD plates is crucial to ensuring the longevity and integrity of CDs. This study determined the impact of temperature and relative humidity on bacteria load of stored CD plates at different locations (laboratory, lecture theatre and office). Thirty-six (36) CD plates were purchased and positioned at these different locations (as opened, closed with perforations and burnt with short video clips and opened). Temperature and relative humidity were monitored with thermometer and hygrometer, while bacterial count and identification were based on standard procedures for four weeks. Results obtained showed a fluctuation in temperature every week, but generally within the range of room temperature (30°C - 37°C) conversely, relative humidity increased weekly in the studied locations. Bacteria counts of all CD plates studied increased with increase in humidity with time. Bacteria isolated from studied CD plates were Bacillus mycoides, Pseudomonads aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus, Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescans. Conclusively, relative humidity had a positive correlation with bacteria load of the studies CD plate, while temperature had little effect on bacterial counts.

The capital market serves several purposes in an economy of a state; it promotes the freeflow of medium and long term equity and debt capital to corporations and governments that use it to execute the projects that increases the growth of the economy, it is very important that a capital market is efficient in its structure and operations so as to allure investors. This is tied to the realization of capital markets on government bonds policies. This study empirically investigates nexus between government bond and capital market in Nigeria over the period 1999-2021. Stock returns, the dependent variable is regressed on four explanatory variables, government bond price, government bond rate, the liquidity of the bond market and real GDP. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) econometric technique was utilized for the estimation. The empirical findings show that government bond price and government bond rate are negatively and significantly related to stock returns. The liquidity of the bond market is positively related to stock returns but not significant. Further evidence show that real GDP has a positive and significant impact on stock returns.. Against the backdrop of the foregoing findings, improved and innovative measures to develop the capital market, particularly the development of new and diversified securities should be created in the capital market. Strengthening the legal and institutional framework to guard, regulate and to enhance the general operations of the capital market is also imperative.

The study aimed to assess the problems of teaching history in Nigeria secondary school using secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area, Edo State, as a case study. Four (4) research questions guided this study. The population of this study comprised of a sample of one hundred and forty-four (144) respondents which was selected through simple random sampling technique. The study adopted survey research design for the study and the major instruments used for data collection was questionnaire. The findings of the study revealed that the shortage of qualified history teachers in Nigerian secondary schools highly impact the quality of history education, that inadequate instructional materials and resources to a high extent hinders the effective teaching and learning of history in Nigerian secondary schools, the results of the analysis conducted revealed that the current history curriculum in Nigerian secondary schools fails to represent Nigeria's rich historical and cultural diversity, and highly affects student interest and engagement and also revealed that the marginalization of history as a subject within the Nigerian secondary school curriculum has highly contributed to the decline in its popularity among students and educators.

Voting is a fundamental process in a democratic society, but traditional voting systems often suffer from issues such as lack of transparency, security vulnerabilities, and limited accessibility. To address these challenges, this paper presents the design and implementation of a block-based decentralized voting system that leverages blockchain technology to enhance transparency, s curity, and accessibility in the electoral process. The proposed system utilizes a block-based architecture to ensure the immutability and transparency of voting records. Each vote is recorded as a transaction in a blockchain, which is distributed across multiple nodes in the network. This decentralized approach eliminates the need for a central authority and reduces the risk of ta pering or manipulation of votes.
To enhance security, the system employs advanced cryptographic techniques, such as digital signatures and hash functions, to protect the integrity of the voting process. Voters are required to authenticate themselves using secure methods, such as biometric identification or digital certificates, ensuring that only eligible voters can participate inthe election.
The system also aims to improve accessibility by providing multiple channels for voters to cast their ballots, including web-based interfaces, mobile applications, and even physical voting stations equipped with blockchain-enabled devices. This flexibility allows voters to participate in elections from anywhere, reducing barriers to participation
and increasing voter turnout.
The paper presents the design and implementation details of the proposed system, including the architecture, protocols, and algorithms used. It also discusses the challenges and limitations encountered during the development process and provides insights into future research directions.
The results of this study demonstrate the potential of blockchain technology in enhancing the transparency, security, and accessibility of electoral processes. The proposed system offers a viable alternative to traditional voting methods and can be adapted to various electoral contexts, contributing to the advancement of democratic practices worldwide.

A good road network of a developing area such as Ekosodin community to major cities leads to rapid urban development. However, the erosion susceptible soil in the area has tasked highway and geotechnical engineers into research on improvement techniques on such problematic soil and still produce satisfactory pavement or foundation bases. Therefore, this study was focused on testing the effect of caustic soda additives on erosion susceptible soil in Ekosodin, Benin city, to improve its geotechnical properties. This study was achieved by collecting four soil samples from the study area, analysingthe soil specific gravity, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, cohesion, angle of internal friction, and California bearing ratio. Also, the effect of the caustic soda addition in 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% on these geotechnical properties were investigated and compared. Afterwards, the optimum percentage of caustic soda to give the highest soil strength based on the load bearing and subgrade capacity was determined. The final soil results, based on its index and engineering properties in its unstabilized form, showed an AASHTO class of A-6 and A-7-6 class soil which usual types of significant constituent materials are Clayey soil of more than 35% fine passing BS sieve No 200, with fair to poor subgrade rating in pavement design and a significant level of plasticity. However, the addition of caustic soda was analyzed to a maximum percentage of 10 on the Soil Atterberg limits, Compaction and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test results, and the following was observed. A decrease in the liquid limit from 50.38% to 25.44% in soil samples at point 1; 39.66% to 25.49% in point 2; 50.59% to 26.20% in point 3; and 41.99% to 28.22% in point 4. Similarly, the plastic limit reduced from 25.53% to 11.47%, 20.12% to 10.96%, 21.18% to 14.22%, and 20.77% to 16.04% for soil samples at points 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. While the optimum moisture content decreased from their original values of 15.7%, 14.8%, 15.9%, and 14.8% to 13.30%,13.80%, 11.20%, and 10.30% for soil in points 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Similarly, the angle of internal friction from their original values of 5.45°, 7.02°, 8.14°, and 6.49° to 3.75°, 5.54°, 7.06°, and 5.17° for soil in points 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. However, an increase in the maximum dry density from 1.63 g/cm3, 1.65 g/cm3, 1.63 g/cm3, 1.66g/cm3 to 1.79 g/cm3, 1.77 g/cm3, 1.80 g/cm3, and 1.79 g/cm3 respectively at the addition of the 10% caustic soda. Similarly, increased the cohesion from their original values of 32.0 kN/m2, 27.0 kN/m2, 31.0 kN/m2, and 32.0 kN/m2 to 38.60 kN/m2, 32.00 kN/m2, 38.04 kN/m2, and 37.86 kN/m2 for soil in points 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively.Also, an increase in the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) was observed both in theunsoaked and soaked state to 23.45%, 22.99%, 26.00%, and 20.50% for soil in points 1,2, 3 and 4 respectively. The highest soaked soil CBR value of 26.0% was achieved at an optimum value of 10% caustic soda stabilization. Therefore, the chemical stabilization of caustic soda was recommended for erosion susceptible soil in Ekosodin as it improved the soil sample of the area from poor subgrade or foundation soil to a good load bearing and subgrade capacity soil for building and road construction.

This research work is designed to examine the social economic impact of poor solid waste management in Benin City, Egor local government ugbowo. Employing a qualitative approach through interview, this study seeks to examine how inadequate poor solid waste management affects the lives of the residence in Egor community. By engaging directly with the life experience and perspectives of the residence, the research aims to analyses the different ways in which poor solid waste management have greatly affected the activities, environment and lives of residents in the area