MICROBIOLOGY

Chia seed (Salvia hispanica) are small edible seed with high nutritional and medicinal values. This study was carried out to investigates the antimicrobial and phytochemical constituents of the seeds. The aqueous and ethanol extract of the seed were screened for antimicrobial effects against six bacterial isolates :Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phytochemical screening for flavonoids, tannins, sterols, saponins, glycosides and alkaloids were carried out by standard methods. The results showed that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities. At 100 mg/ml concentration, the aqueous extract produced inhibition zones of 20.00 mm against Escherichia coli and 14.00 mm against Streptococcus sp., while the ethanolic extract showed 16.00 mm and 18.00 mm, respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited inhibition zones of 21.00 mm (aqueous) and 10.00 mm (ethanolic), and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed 7.00 mm (aqueous) and 14.00 mm (ethanolic). However, Staphylococcus aureus did not exhibit significant inhibition in either extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration analysis revealed that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts had MIC values of 100 mg/ml for Streptococcus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interestingly, Escherichia coli did not show an MIC with the ethanolic extract, suggesting variable susceptibility across bacterial strains. The minimum bactericidal concentration results indicated that the ethanolic extract was bacteriostatic, while the aqueous extract exhibited bactericidal activity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, sterols, saponins and glycosides in both extracts, while alkaloids were absent. These findings highlight the promising antimicrobial potential of chia seed oil extracts, demonstrating it’s efficacy against a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Justicia carnea (Jacobinia or Jehovah’s witness plant in Nigeria) is a medicinal plant used
widely in Nigeria and reported to have blood-boosting ability. It is also reported to have diverse
antimicrobial functions. The plant, Justicia carnea was subjected to the soxhlet method of extraction. The aqueous and
ethanol extracts were screened for antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. Antimicrobial activity was
determined using agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and
minimum bacteriocidal concentration (MBC) were determined by broth microdilution method. Phytochemical constituents were also evaluated. Toxicity of the extracts was done by evaluating
the haematological and histopathological effects on Wistar albino rats. The animals were
randomly grouped into seven groups of three rats with each group receiving distilled water
(control), MIC of aqueous and ethanol extract, MBC of aqueous and ethanol extract, four times
the MIC of aqueous extract and four times MIC of ethanol extract respectively. The ethanol extract was seen to be the most active against all the species. Zones of inhibition for
the aqueous extract ranged from 8.1mm to 21.4mm, while that of the ethanol extract ranged from
10.2mm to 21.8mm. The lowest MIC and MBC were observed against Proteus mirabilis. Phytochemicals present were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, phenolics, tannins and steroids. There was a slight increase in red blood cells, platelet counts, and packed cell volume of blood, but however not significant. A decrease was
observed with the white blood cells. Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney
showed an adverse pathological effect. The result of the study suggests that both extracts of
Justicia carnea have high antimicrobial activity.

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that can be found on many
surfaces including grasses that are often consumed by ruminants. It was therefore
hypothesized that bacteria in the intestine of cow may have the potential to degrade PAHs. The aim of the study was to isolate PAH(s) degrading organisms from the large intestine of
cows. Bacteria were isolated from the intestinal chyme of the large intestine of a healthy cow
collected at the point of slaughter by serial dilution/direct plating and enrichment methods. Physicochemical parameters including; pH, temperature, moisture content, total solids, volatile solids and total suspended solids were analysed. The isolates were identified by
standard microbiological test protocol (Gram reaction and biochemical tests) and screened for
PAH degradation potential using the 2-6 dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) redox dye, quantified by a UV_VIS spectrophotometer. The identity of the two isolates with the highest
PAH degradation capacity after preliminary degradation tests, was confirmed following
API20e tests analysis and 16S rRNA molecular analysis. The two isolates were used to
inoculate carbon free Bushnell Haas medium containing the PAHs in single and combined
cultures for the degradation tests. Samples were withdrawn at intervals of three days and
analyzed for bacterial growth, pH, temperature, BOD, COD and changes in the concentration
of the PAHs for 16 days. The optimum temperature, pH, concentration and nutrient
supplementation for efficient degradation was analyzed following standard protocol and genes
responsible for degradation identified. The two test isolates selected after screening and identification were Escherichia coli and
Klebsiella pneumoniae. HPLC/GCMS analyses showed that the concentration of
Benzo[a]Pyrene declined by 84.8%, 91.04% and 96.44% by E. coli, K. pnuemoniae and a
combination of both respectively after 16 days. The reduction in pyrene concentration was
89.36%, 90.98% and 97.76% after exposure to E. coli, K. puemoniae and a combination of
both respectively while the decline of floranthene concentration stood at 86.4%, 90.3% and
92.3.7% after similar exposure to the test bacteria. ANOVA confirmed significant differences
in the extent of the degradation of the PAHs by the test bacteria and their combined cultures
(P<0.05). The growth of the isolates combined peaked at 1.98 log cfu/ml between days 10 and
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13 during degradation of BaP. With respect to pyrene, it peaked at day thirteen
with a log cfu value of 2.86 while in medium containing floranthene day 13 with a log cfu
value of 3.23. The pH of medium adjusted to 7.0 declined in the three mediums with the least
pH value for BaP, Pyrene and Flouranthene being 6.5, 6.6 and 6.7 respectively during
degradation of the PAHs. Phthalate was the major degradation product in the course of
degradation of the PAHs. The optimum temperature and pH conditions for the degradation of
the PAHs was 35°C and pH 7, respectively while PAHs ≥ 1000 mg inhibited the growth of the
test bacteria. Application of fertilizer (NPK) enhanced growth of the test bacteria and
degradation of the PAHs. The genes associated with the degradation of PAHs in E. coli and K. pneumoniae were found to be alkane monooxygenase (alkB), Napthalene dioxygenase
(NahAC) and Catechol dioxygenase (C230). It can be concluded that the intestine of Bos tarus
harbor strains of bacteria that are capable of a high degree of degradation of PAHs; and that
the consortium of the bacterial strains can be potentially useful for bioremediation of PAH- polluted environment.