This study examined the effects of vinegar on the growth of two freshwater microalgae: Scenedesmus sp. and Chlamydomonas sp.. The experiment was setup in triplicates of different concentrations of vinegar ( 0% (control), 1%, 5%,10%,15%,20% and 25%) in a culture media and monitored for 14 days. The samples were analyzed every two days to monitor growth using a visible spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 750nm as well as other physicochemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen. The results were analyzed using statistical two way analysis of variance ANOVA repeated measures, paired t-test, microsoft excel and descriptive statistics. The result showed that the growth of Scenedesmus sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. were affected by the different concentrations of vinegar with a significant difference (p<0.05) across all parameters. The control (0% vinegar) recorded the highest growth, yield and dissolved oxygen while the 10%vinegar concentration produced the lowest values, indicating that increasing acidity inhibited algal growth and photosynthetic activity. The comparative percentage yield between both species showed no significant difference (p>0.05), suggesting comparable productivity under mild acidity

This project involves the design and fabrication of a 1KVa solar inverter, which converts DC power from solar panels to AC power for household and industrial applications. The inverter is designed to operate at a high efficiency, with a minimum of 90% efficiency. The project also involves the development of a control system to regulate the output voltage and frequency of the inverter. Various efforts have been made to address this challenge, but existing alternatives, such as diesel generators, have proven to be inefficient, expensive, and environmentally unfriendly. They require frequent fueling, maintenance, and replacement of parts, while also contributing to pollution. The capacity of an inverter system depends on the specific application and the power requirements of the appliances being used. In this context, we are focusing on a domestic inverter system with a maximum capacity of 5KVA (4000 watts), designed to provide backup power during outages and serve as a primary source of energy when the national grid is unavailable.

This study evaluates the impact of tax software on tax compliance in Nigeria, focusing on factors influencing adoption and the relationship between tax software usage and compliance rates. A sample of 200 respondents, comprising individual taxpayers and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), was surveyed using a structured questionnaire. The study employed a quantitative research approach, with data analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and statistical software such as E-Views 10 and SPSS 22.0. Findings reveal that ease of use, time-saving benefits, financial data security, cost, and availability of support services significantly influence tax software adoption. Additionally, results indicate a strong positive relationship between tax software usage and tax compliance, with taxpayers expressing high satisfaction levels. Based on these findings, the study recommends increasing digital literacy programs, enhancing security features and support services, reducing software costs through subsidies, and implementing policies to mandate digital tax solutions. These measures are essential for fostering a more efficient, transparent, and technology-driven tax administration system in Nigeria

Vehicle theft and unauthorized access to people’s vehicles remain critical challenges worldwide, with developing countries such as Nigeria experiencing a rising incidence of automobile-related crimes due to inadequate security measures and poor enforcement of tracking technologies. Conventional anti-theft solutions such as alarms, mechanical locks, and immobilizers often fail against organized theft operations using signal jammers and key cloning devices. This project focuses on the simulated design of a real-time vehicle tracking and remote engine shutdown system using MATLAB Simulink and proteus as cost-effective development platforms. The proposed system integrates three primary components: a GPS module for continuous vehicle location monitoring, a GSM communication link for transmitting control signals, and a relay-based engine cutoff mechanism to remotely immobilize the vehicle when unauthorized movement is detected. The simulation model evaluates the system’s performance in terms of location accuracy, communication efficiency, and response speed, which are critical factors in environments where GSM coverage can be inconsistent, as is common in several regions of Nigeria. By leveraging Simulink’s block-based modeling, the design eliminates the need for immediate physical prototyping, reducing costs while allowing early validation of functional behavior. Results indicate that the system can track vehicle position accurately and execute engine shutdown commands within seconds, offering a practical solution for private vehicle owners, logistics companies, and government agencies managing various transportation fleets. This study demonstrates the potential of integrating real-time tracking with active control to enhance vehicle security in Nigeria and similar developing markets. It further provides a scalable platform for future extensions, including Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity, cloud data storage, and encrypted communication protocols to counter network vulnerabilities and improve reliability under real-world condition.

This study examined the impact of child abuse on the academic success of secondary school students in Ekosodin Community, Edo State, Nigeria. Child abuse remains a pervasive social problem that affects children’s physical, emotional, psychological, and educational development. The study focused on various forms of abuse, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect, and investigated how these experiences influence students’ academic performance. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and data were collected from students in selected secondary schools within the community. Findings revealed that child abuse significantly contributes to poor academic outcomes among students. Specifically, educational and social neglect were found to be strong predictors of low academic performance, with educational neglect exerting the most pronounced effect. Students who experienced abuse and neglect demonstrated difficulties in concentration, classroom participation, and academic achievement, often accompanied by psychological challenges such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and behavioral problems. The study concludes that child abuse poses a major obstacle to educational attainment and overall child development. It recommends increased parental awareness, effective enforcement of child protection laws, strengthened school counseling services, and collaborative efforts among families, schools, and government agencies to prevent child abuse and promote students’ academic success.

This study investigated the impact of government debt, revenue, and their relationship with economic growth in Nigeria over the period 1990 to 2024. It aimed to examine the effects of government debt on economic growth, the influence of government revenue on growth, the impact of debt on Nigeria’s annual GDP growth rate, and the role of internally generated revenue. Secondary data were collected primarily from the Central Bank of Nigeria, Debt Management Office, National Bureau of Statistics, and World Bank databases. The methodology adopted included an econometric model estimated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and panel fixed effects to analyze the short-run and long-run effects of government fiscal variables on economic growth. Results revealed that government debt had a positive but statistically insignificant effect on economic growth in the short run, implying that borrowing provided some support to government sustainability but lacked robust growth stimulation. In the long run, debt demonstrated a negative and insignificant relationship with growth, suggesting potential crowding-out effects and fiscal risks that align with some extant Nigerian literature. Government revenue showed a positive and statistically significant association with economic growth, confirming its critical role in funding development projects and stimulating the economy. Internally generated revenue also had a positive yet statistically insignificant impact, indicating sensitivity in tax policy implementation to avoid negatively affecting production and economic activity. Based on these findings, it was recommended that the government implement prudent debt management policies to ensure borrowing supports growth without generating harmful longterm consequences. Tax authorities were advised to improve revenue collection efficiency by adopting fair tax policies that avoid overburdening taxpayers, thus encouraging sustainable economic expansion. Policymakers should focus on enhancing government revenue via effective fiscal measures to provide sufficient funds for infrastructure and development. Additionally, relevant agencies needed to strengthen internally generated revenue systems by promoting transparency and fairness, which would improve economic stability and growth prospects. These steps would help balance the benefits of government fiscal interventions while minimizing risks to Nigeria’s economic future

This study examined the Relationship Between Socia Media Usage and The Mental Health Outcome Amon Students of University of Benin Living in Ekosodin Community, Benin City. Five research questions were raised to guide this study; What are the predominant patterns of social media usage among University of Benin students in Ekosodin? What is the prevalence and nature of mental health outcomes in this community?. Is there a significant relationship between social media usage and mental health indicators? What factors mediate or moderate this relationship? How can interventions be designed to promote positive mental health in the context of social media use? The target population comprises all undergraduate students of the University of Benin residing in Ekosodin community. According to university records and community estimates, this population is approximately 5,000-7,000 students, drawn from various faculties including Arts, Sciences, Engineering, and Social Sciences. This size ensures statistical power for correlational analyses, consistent with similar studies (e.g., samples of 382-830 in Nigerian research). A multi-stage sampling technique is employed. First, stratified sampling divides the population by faculty (proportional allocation: e.g., 30% Social Sciences). Second, cluster sampling selects hostels or streets in Ekosodin as clusters. Third, simple random sampling chooses participants within clusters using a lottery method or random number generators. This technique ensures representativeness and reduces bias in a dispersed community like Ekosodin. Convenience elements are incorporated for hard-to-reach subgroups, balancing rigor with practicality. The following findings are: the study established a significant association between the intensity of social media use and negative mental health outcomes, particularly symptoms of anxiety, stress, and emotional exhaustion among students. Students who spent prolonged hours online reported poorer psychological well-being compared with moderate users. Evidence indicated that academic stress and peer influence function as mediating variables that amplify the psychological effects of social media exposure. Students experiencing high academic pressure were more vulnerable to depressive mood patterns linked to online comparison and information overload. Recommendations for the findings are as follows: University authorities should develop structured digital-wellbeing education programmes aimed at promoting responsible social media habits, time management, and awareness of psychological risks associated with excessive.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cardiovascular disorder characterized by dyslipidemia and myocardial injury, and its risk may be increased in females using oral contraceptives (OCs) due to alterations in lipid metabolism and endothelial function. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been reported to possess cardioprotective properties, including lipid modulation and antioxidant effects. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of garlic (Allium sativum) extract in ameliorating biochemical markers of ischemic heart disease in female Wistar rats exposed to varying doses of combined oral contraceptives (COCs). A total of fifty-six adult female rats were randomly assigned into seven groups comprising a control group, COC-only group, COC plus graded doses of garlic extract groups, and a garlic-only group, and treatments were administered orally for four weeks. Serum lipid profile parameters; total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined using enzymatic colorimetric methods, while cardiac troponin I levels were quantified using sandwich ELISA. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) and analyzed by one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol levels were not significantly different across groups (Control: 3.75 ± 0.12 mmol/L; Group B: 3.68 ± 0.10 mmol/L; Group C: 3.72 ± 0.11 mmol/L; Group F: 3.80 ± 0.13 mmol/L). Triglyceride levels varied significantly (Control: 1.45 ± 0.05 mmol/L; Group B: 1.20 ± 0.04 mmol/L; Group C: 1.38 ± 0.06 mmol/L; Group F: 1.78 ± 0.07 mmol/L). HDL levels were significantly increased in lower-dose groups (Control: 0.98 ± 0.03 mmol/L; Group B: 1.25 ± 0.05 mmol/L; Group C: 1.22 ± 0.04 mmol/L), while LDL levels were significantly reduced in these groups (Control: 1.90 ± 0.06 mmol/L; Group B: 1.50 ± 0.05 mmol/L; Group C: 1.55 ± 0.07 mmol/L). Cardiac troponin I levels showed no statistically significant differences among groups(Control: 0.330 ± 0.012 ng/mL; Group B: 0.315 ± 0.010 ng/mL; Group C: 0.305 ± 0.009 ng/mL; Group F: 0.345 ± 0.013 ng/mL). Body weight remained stable across all groups, indicating good tolerability of treatments. Histological examination of the heart, liver, and kidney revealed normal tissue architecture in all examined groups, with no observable pathological lesions. In conclusion, garlic extract demonstrated a modest protective effect on lipid metabolism, particularly at lower COC doses, without evidence of organ toxicity, may have a potential supportive role in mitigating cardiovascular risk associated with oral contraceptive use.

Background/Aim: Low back pain (LBP) is a common musculoskeletal problem during pregnancy, often contributing to functional limitations and reduced quality of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of low back pain, identify associated risk factors and assess its impact on functional activities among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH). Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at UBTH. Data were collected using a structured selfadministered questionnaire comprising sociodemographic information, obstetric history, potential risk factors, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) to assess functional limitation. Descriptive VWDWLVWLFV VXPPDUL]HG SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ VRFLRGHPRJUDSKLF GDWD ZKLOH LQIHUHQWLDO statistics (Chi-square tests) examined associations between LBP and potential risk factors. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of low back pain among the study population was 58% in the last 7 days, indicating a moderate occurrence during pregnancy. The risk factors associated with LBP were prolonged standing, physically demanding work, poor ergonomic postures, stress frequency and the feeling of anxiety (p < 0.05). The majority of participants experienced mild to moderate disability as measured by the ODI. Conclusion: Low back pain is prevalent among pregnant women at UBTH and is influenced by multiple physical and occupational factors. The condition moderately affects functional activities and daily living. Awareness, early physiotherapy intervention and ergonomic education during antenatal care are recommended to minimize its impact.

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