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This study appraises the civil remedies available to owners of copyright works in Nigeria, with a view to evaluating their effectiveness in protecting the rights of creators. Despite the existence of the 2022 Copyright laws in Nigeria. copyright infringement remains a pervasive issue, resulting in significant economic losses for creators and owners of copyright works. The effectiveness of civil remedies in protecting the rights of copyright owners in Nigeria is uncertain, and the extent to which these remedies provide adequate redress for infringementis unclear. The aim of this study is to examine works that are protected by copyright and
inquire whether the remedies provided by the law in protecting the victims are adequate or whether there is need to seek other avenues beyond the ones provided by law to compensate these victims. This study will adopt the doctrinal / analytical research method which will include researching into constitutions, statutes, conventions or treaties and other international agreements, case laws (judicial decisions), journals and books. Relevant laws, regulations and judicial decisions related to Copyright Law in Nigeria will be analyzed. This study underscores the imperative for copyright holders and researchers to pursue remedies for
copyright infringements through civil litigation, thereby invigorating efforts to safeguard intellectual property rights. The findings reveal that while various civil remedies, including damages, injunctions and accounts of profits, are available to copyright owners, their effectiveness is hindered by several challenges, including inadequate enforcement mechanism, lack of awareness, and
corruption. The research contributes to the literature on Copyright Law and civil remedies in Nigeria, and provides insight for policy makers, legal practitioners, and creators seeking to protect their intellectual property rights.

This research presents a descriptive analysis of the semantic functions of reduplication in the Esan language, a member of the Edoid language family spoken predominantly in Edo State, Nigeria. Reduplication is a highly productive morphological process in Esan, used by native speakers to extend, intensify, or modify the meaning of base forms across various word classes. The primary objective of the study was to identify the types of reduplication in Esan, explore the semantic functions they perform, analyze how they operate within different grammatical categories, and determine what insights they offer into Esan speaker usage and morphology. The study was anchored on the Descriptive Linguistic Approach, backed by Basic Linguistic Theory (BLT), which emphasizes that grammatical and semantic patterns should be described as they are naturally used by speakers. Data were collected from native speakers through interviews, observations, and recordings of natural speech. The analysis revealed that Esan
employs both total and partial reduplication, with total reduplication being more common and used across all word classes including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and time expressions. Reduplication in Esan was found to serve multiple semantic functions such as abundance, intensification, aspect marking, emphasis, repetition, plurality, diminutiveness, and emotional
or figurative expression. The study concludes that reduplication in Esan reflects both linguistic functionality and cultural expressiveness, making it a fundamental part of the language’s morphological and semantic system. This research contributes to the field of African linguistics by expanding the documentation and understanding of Esan grammar, while also showcasing
reduplication as a practical and versatile tool for meaning-making natural language use.

The end of the Nigeria-Biafra War was marked by the magnanimous proclamation of “no victor, no vanquished” by the General Yakubu Gowon-led Federal Military Government (FMG). This was widely welcomed and immediately followed by the policy of “Reconciliation, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction(3Rs)” toward the victims of the war. In a national broadcast, titled “The Dawn of National Reconciliation,” Gowon declared that the task of reconciliationhadtrulycommenced.1 The harsh conditions of surrender expected fromthe FMGdidnot
materialize; rather, the period was marked by the magnanimity of the FMGinpronouncements that guaranteed the personal safety and security of the Igboandtheir properties, the right to re-side and work anywhere in Nigeria, thereabsorption of civil/public servants of Igbo extraction into the civil serviceandthe military, and the granting of general amnesty to the Igbo. John de St. Jorre,
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whose popular account referred to the conflict as “The Brothers’ War,” arguesthat
this was probably the only armed conflict of its magnitude in history, perpetratedwith so much viciousness and bitterness, where no reprisals, trials, or executionsoccurred.2 It is on this backdrop, this study examines the post-civil war policieswith reference to property act law in Nigeria, 1966-1980

The end of the Nigeria-Biafra War was marked by the magnanimous proclamation of “no victor, no vanquished” by the General Yakubu Gowon-led Federal Military Government (FMG). This was widely welcomed and immediatel yfollowed by the policy of “Reconciliation, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction(3Rs)” toward the victims of the war. In a national broadcast, titled “The Dawn of National Reconciliation,” Gowon declared that the task of reconciliation had truly commenced.1 The harsh conditions of surrender expected from the FMG did not materialize; rather, the period was marked by the magnanimity of the FMG inpronouncements that guaranteed the personal safety and security of the Igbo and their properties, the right to re-side and work anywhere in Nigeria, there absorption of civil/public servants of Igbo extraction into the civil service and the military, and the granting of general amnesty to the Igbo. John de St. Jorre, whose popular account referred to the conflict as “The Brothers’ War,” argues that
this was probably the only armed conflict of its magnitude in history, perpetrated with so much viciousness and bitterness, where no reprisals, trials, or executionsoccurred.2 It is on this backdrop, this study examines the post-civil war policies with reference to property act law in Nigeria, 1966-1980

The purpose of this study is to assess the contribution of adult education programmes towards poverty reduction in Egor local government area. To enable the achievement of this objective, five research questions were raised and examined. This study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population of this study comprised of all three hundred and forty thousand, two hundred and eighty-seven (340,287) inhabitants of Egor local government area of Edo State while a total of one hundred and twenty (120) adults selected from each of the ten communities made up the sample for the study. Data for the study was collected through the use of the questionnaire which was face and content validated. A test-retest reliability method was used to ascertain the reliability of the research instrument. Frequency count, simple percentage and mean score standard were used for data analyses. The Findings from this study revealed adult education programmes in Egor local government area include women education, population education, literacy, workers education, and vocational education. The attitude of the people towards adult education programme is positive.Adult education programmes can provide the people with economic skills. Strategies were discovered to access the impact of these skills on the people Adult education have helped developed communities, improved standard of living, provide people with economic skills, improved the reading abilities of the people and enhanced cordial relationship with members of the community

Heavy metal contamination poses significant ecological and health risks in aquatic ecosystems due to its persistence and bioaccumulation potential. This study assesses heavy metal contamination in Brycinus macrolepidotus from the Ovia River, Nigeria, using non-invasive techniques. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) levels were examined in muscle tissues, caudal fins, and scales. The research begins with an in-depth background study emphasizing the
environmental and health implications of heavy metal contamination. Non-invasive techniques are prioritized to accurately assess contamination levels while minimizing harm to fish populations. Ovia River, chosen for its freshwater ecosystem supporting diverse aquatic life and human activities, serves as the study area, with sampling locations representing both upstream and downstream conditions affected by various human activities. Sample collection involved careful handling of Brycinus macrolepidotus specimens to preserve their physiological state. Noninvasive methods collected muscle tissue, caudal fin clips, and scales for heavy metal analysis, ensuring minimal harm to the fish. Results reveal varying heavy metal concentrations, predominantly iron and zinc, in different fish tissues. Non-invasive techniques effectively assessed contamination levels, providing insights crucial for environmental monitoring and conservation efforts.

This study assessed the perceived impact of clinical nursing practice on the academic performance of undergraduate nursing students in the University of Benin. Across-sectional survey design was employed, gathering data from 282 students through structured questionnaires. Findings revealed that 44.9% believed their workload during clinical practice adversely affected their learning, while 76.4% found instructor feedback helpful in enhancing clinical skills. Limited access to resources was reported by 40.6% of participants, and56.4%experienced stress that influenced their perception of clinical practice. Although clinical practice significantly enhanced professional development—49.1% strongly agreeing—it also presented challenges: 83.6% struggled to balance academic and clinical demands, and61.8%cited inadequate resources. Additionally, 50.9% reported insufficient supervision and mentorship, while 54.5% experienced high stress levels. Recommendations to address these issues include enhancing resource availability, strengthening mentorship, managing workloads, and providing stress management training. These interventions could optimize the learning environment and better prepare students for professional practice, emphasizing the need for ongoing evaluation and improvement of clinical training programs to align with healthcare demands and student needs

Sustainable waste management is one of the most important activities in any institution, as it directly influences environmental health and campus sustainability. So far, the manual methods adopted at the University of Benin (UNIBEN) have proven to be inadequate,extremely confusing for users, and lacking in motivation, amongst other disadvantages.
This project emphasizes the need to adopt a more modern, user-centered digital solution. These methods include mobile apps and other digital interventions. Taking into consideration the constraints and the scope of the project, which is the University of Benin, the method proposed by this project is a User-Centered mobile application named "UNICYCLE." However, this project focuses on the UI/UX design and high-fidelity prototyping of this application, where the campus community can access educational guides, learn to sort waste, and be motivated through gamification. The system is validated by user feedback and
quantitative testing.
This project makes use of the User-Centered Design (UCD) approach, specifically the five-phase Design Thinking model (Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, Test), to represent the designs for the system architecture.
These designs served as the framework for the final prototype. The system can handle the whole process of promoting recycling behavior, from user education and motivation to providing real-time utility, validated by an "Excellent" System Usability Scale (SUS) score of 87.0

This study examines the impact of digital payment technologies on financial inclusion in Nigeria, focusing on Automated Teller Machine (ATM) transactions, Point-of-Sale(POS) transactions, Web Pay transactions, and mobile payments. Despite significant advancements in digital payment infrastructure, approximately 40%of adult Nigerians remain financially excluded, revealing persistent challenges inachieving universal access to financial services. The research addresses this gap by empirically investigating how different digital payment channels contribute to broadening financial participation in the formal economy. The study adopts an Ex-Post-Factoresearch design, utilizing quarterly time series data spanning from2009Q1to2023Q4,yielding 60 observations. Secondary data were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and the Nigeria Inter-Bank Settlement System. Financial inclusion was operationalized as total savings as a ratio of GDP, while independent variables captured transaction volumes across the four digital payment channels. The analytical framework employed Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root tests, Johansenco integration analysis, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to examine both short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium relationships. Results indicate that only mobile payment transaction volume demonstrates a statistically significant positive effect on financial inclusioninNigeria.ATM, POS, and Web Pay transaction volumes show no significant impact, attributed to infrastructure constraints, urban concentration of services, digital literacy gaps, and limited accessibility in rural areas. The superior performance of mobile payments stems from widespread mobile phone penetration, USSD technology compatibility with basic phones, minimal entry barriers, and distributed agent networks reaching underserved populations. The study concludes that mobile payments represent the most effective digital channel for advancing financial inclusion inNigeria.Recommendations emphasize prioritizing mobile payment infrastructure development,addressing electricity and telecommunications constraints, enhancing financial and digital literacy programs, reforming regulatory frameworks, including tiered KYC requirements, expanding agent networks into rural areas, and leveraging mobile platforms for government-to-person payments. Policymakers should adopt comprehensive strategies integrating supportive ecosystems that enable access, build capability, and foster trust to maximize mobile payments' potential in achieving sustainable financial inclusion. Keywords: Digital Payment Technologies, Financial Inclusion, Mobile Payments

The study examined the perceived impact of Pidgin English on the writing
skills of undergraduates in the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
Three research questions were raised to guide this study.
The research design adopted for the study was the descriptive survey
research design. The population of the study comprised of seven thousand,
eight hundred and fifty six (7,856) students in the Faculty of Education,
University of Benin, Benin City. From the population, a sample size of one
hundred and sixty (160) undergraduates was drawn using the simple random
sampling technique. A research instrument tagged “Questionnaire on the
Impact of Pidgin English on the Writing Skills of Undergraduates” was used
to gather responses from students. The data retrieved were analyzed by the
use of a computer software statistical tool (SPSS). Results after analysis were
presented in tables using Mean and Standard Deviation.
The study revealed that students’ use of Pidgin English is on the rise. It was
also found from the study that Pidgin English has significantly affected the
formal writing skills of undergraduates in the University of Benin, Benin
City. The study therefore recommended that universities and secondary
schools alike should incorporate language awareness initiatives into their
curriculum to educate students on the difference between formal and
informal language use. Also, educational institutions should reinforce
English writing courses, with emphasis on grammar, vocabulary, and formal
writing skills with emphasis on the common errors influenced by Pidgin
English