DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to global health, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic options from natural sources. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of brown mustard seed against selected clinical isolates. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested at concentrations ranging from 50–600 mg/ml using agar well diffusion assay. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were determined using broth dilution and subculture techniques. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the bioactive constituents of the extract. Data were analyzed using SPSS version XX, with chi-square tests applied to assess associations between extract concentrations and microbial growth responses. The results revealed that Staphylococcus aureus recorded the highest mean zone of inhibition (17.50 ± 2.49 mm), followed by Candida albicans (8.67 ± 4.26 mm), while Escherichia coli (6.50 ± 2.95 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.00 ± 4.10 mm) showed lower susceptibility. Post hoc analysis indicated concentration-dependent inhibition in Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, while inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed only at the highest concentration. MIC values were established at 100 mg for Staphylococcus aureus, 400 mg for Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa, and 600 mg for Candida albicans. MBC values confirmed bactericidal activity at 100 mg for Staphylococcus aureus and 600 mg for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas the MFC for Candida albicans was 600 mg. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, steroids, tannins, phenols, and resins, with saponins absent. These findings demonstrate that brown mustard seed possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, with S. aureus being the most sensitive organism, supporting its potential as a source of plant-based antimicrobial agents.

Iron dysregulation remains a critical global health challenge, affecting billions through conditions ranging from iron deficiency anemia to hereditary hemochromatosis. This study investigated the effects of Piper guineense (Uziza) leaf extract on HFE gene, TFRC gene and survival rate of Drosophila melanogaster. Fresh Uziza leaves were collected, authenticated and extracted using 70% ethanol maceration. Five experimental groups (n=60 flies per replicate, three replicates each) were established: Control, 100 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 300 mg/mL, and 400 mg/mL Piper guineense extract treatments. Survival was monitored over 21 days, followed by molecular analysis using conventional PCR, agarose gel electrophoresis, and quantitative realtime PCR with Gpdh as the housekeeping gene. Results revealed a striking hormetic response pattern, with 100 mg/mL treatment significantly enhancing survival (66.67% ± 4.67%) compared to controls (48.33% ± 3.06%), representing 30.3% mortality reduction. Higher concentrations (300-400 mg/mL) demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity. HFE gene expression showed significant dose-dependent upregulation, peaking at 300 mg/mL (2.65-fold increase, p < 0.001), with progressive increases at 100 mg/mL (1.42-fold), 200 mg/mL (2.08-fold), and 400 mg/mL (1.98-fold) compared to controls. Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA, F(4,10) = 6.82, p < 0.05) confirmed significant inter-group differences. The dissociation between optimal survival (100 mg/mL) and maximal gene expression (300 mg/mL) indicates that moderate transcriptional activation represents beneficial adaptation, while robust upregulation signals cellular distress. These findings demonstrate that Piper guineense bioactive compounds modulate iron metabolism gene expression through mechanisms likely involving iron chelation and oxidative stress signaling. The narrow therapeutic window emphasizes the critical importance of dose optimization for potential therapeutic applications in iron-related disorders.

The Rhesus (Rh) blood group system is one of the most clinically significant after the ABO
system, with the E and e antigens playing important roles in transfusion medicine and
maternal-fetal health. This study assessed the distribution of Rhesus E and e antigens among
pregnant women attending antenatal care at Central Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. A crosssectional
study design was employed, and a total of 100 pregnant women were recruited. Data
on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were collected through structured proformas,
and blood samples were analyzed for the presence of Rh E and e antigens using standard
serological techniques. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27, with
descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests applied; significance was set at p < 0.05.
The majority of participants were aged 26–35 years (62.0%), of Bini ethnicity (40.0%), and
engaged in business (63.0%). Clinically, 32.0% were nulliparous, 53.0% were in their second
trimester, and 31.0% were in their first pregnancy. The prevalence of Rhesus E antigen was
15.0%, while Rhesus e antigen was observed in 91.0% of participants. Analysis revealed no
statistically significant associations between sociodemographic variables and the prevalence of
either antigen (p > 0.05). However, a significant association was found between parity and
Rhesus e antigen distribution (X² = 11.35, df = 5, p = 0.045), with higher positivity observed
among women with parity zero and one.
The findings indicate that while Rhesus e antigen is highly prevalent among pregnant women in
Benin City, Rhesus E antigen remains relatively low. The significant link between parity and
Rhesus e antigen suggests that parity may influence antigen distribution in this population.
These results underscore the need for continued monitoring of Rh antigen patterns in pregnant
women to inform transfusion services and obstetric care.

Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) is a medicinal grass widely valued in ethnomedicine for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, with its bioactivity linked to essential oils, phenolics, and flavonoids. Although extensively used, there is limited comparative evidence on how solvent polarity influences the anti-inflammatory potential of its extracts. This study therefore evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol (polar) and diethyl ether (non-polar) extracts of C. citratus in order to assess differences in solvent efficiency and bioactivity. Fresh leaves collected from the University of Benin were authenticated and extracted using standardized procedures, information was sourced from laboratory analyses combined with current literatures from PubMed, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Extracts were tested in vitro for inhibition of protein denaturation, heat-induced haemolysis, antiproteinase activity, and lipoxygenase inhibition, with aspirin serving as the standard drug. Extraction yield was slightly higher for diethyl ether (1.72%) than for ethanol (1.56%). Both extracts exhibited concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory activity across all assays. In the protein-denaturation assay, ethanol extract inhibited 65.9% at 500 µg/ml while diethyl ether showed 69.4%, compared with 82.3% for aspirin. In the haemolysis test, ethanol recorded 61.7% and diethyl ether 58.4% inhibition, while aspirin reached 75.6%. Antiproteinase activity was 59.2% for ethanol and 56.8% for diethyl ether, against 70.4% for aspirin. Lipoxygenase inhibition was stronger in the diethyl ether extract (64.5%) than ethanol (60.1%), though both were lower than aspirin (78.2%). The findings confirm that C. citratus possesses measurable in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, supporting its traditional use in managing inflammation-related disorders. Solvent polarity was shown to influence the degree and spectrum of bioactivity, highlighting the importance of solvent selection in herbal preparation. However, the study was limited to in vitro models, two extraction solvents, and a single collection site. Future research should explore in vivo and clinical trials, and adopt advanced extraction techniques

Male reproductive toxicity induced by BPA is a major public health concern due to its widespread presence and endocrine-disrupting capabilities. Although antioxidant and Phyto therapeutic agents have shown promise in mitigating general oxidative damage, there is insufficient scientific evidence on the immunohistochemical profiles of testicular tissues treated concurrently with BPA and Phyto therapeutic agents like Ginkgo biloba and Tribulus terrestris. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic compound that's known to induces reproductive toxicity in males characterized by oxidative stress, impaired spermatogenesis, and decreased testosterones levels. This research was aimed to assess the Morphological and Biochemical effects of Ginkgo biloba and Tribulus terrestris on BPA- induced reproductive toxicity in male wistar rats. A total of 40 healthy adult male wistar rats, initial body weight -150-250 g, were used for this work and were divided into five separate groups (Negative control, BPA- exposed, BPA + Ginkgo biloba, BPA + Tribulus terrestris and BPA Phytotherapeutic (Ginkgo biloba Tribulus terrestris). Parameters evaluated were sperm analysis, the following parameters were measured as indices of oxidative stress (Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Catalase, Malondialdehyde. Immunohistochemical analysis/ histological techniques on testes, prostates, epididymis and seminal vesicles, was performed to evaluate markers of apoptosis and tissue integrity. Findings clearly demonstrated that BPA exposure induces significant reproductive toxicity, primarily targeting the testes and epididymis, while phytotherapeutic intervention especially combined Ginkgo biloba and Tribulus terrestris-attenuated many of these adverse effects, One of the most striking findings of this study was the significant reduction in sperm count, progressive motility, and normal morphology in the BPA-exposed group, alongside a corresponding increase in non-motile and non-progressively motile spermatozoa, Superscript letters (a,b,c) indicates significant difference between groups based on Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at p<0.05, groups sharing the same subscript letter are not significantly different from each other, F- values are from one-way ANOVA. P<0.001 indicates highly significant difference among groups. Immunohistochemical detection of y-H2AX revealed increased DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in germ cells of BPA-exposed rats, predominantly localized to the basal germinal epithelium. DNA DSBs are among the most severe forms of genetic damage and can lead to meiotic arrest or germ cell loss if unrepaired. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that bisphenol A induces significant male reproductive toxicity, primarily affects the testes and epididymis through oxidative stress, histological degeneration, and DNA double-strand breaks, leading to impaired sperm quality. Although endogenous antioxidant defenses were upregulated following BPA exposure, they were insufficient to prevent tissue damage, Treatment with Ginkgo biloba and Tribulus terrestris, particularly in combination, significantly attenuated BPA-induced reproductive toxicity, preserving tissue architecture, reducing DNA damage, and improving sperm parameters.

Antibiotic resistance is one of the global health concern, as commensal bacteria such as Escherichia coli could serves as an important reservoirs of the spread of resistance genes. This study evaluated the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and antibiotic resistance of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from the stool samples of apparently healthy students at the University of Benin (UNIBEN). A total of 70 stool samples were collected and processed using standard microbiological methods. The isolates were identified by biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby– Bauer disc diffusion method in line with CLSI guidelines. The Extended Spectrum β- Lactamase (ESBL) production was screened phenotypically. The overall prevalence of Escherichia coli detected across all BMI categories was 85.7%. The ESBL-producing Escherichia coli accounted for 16.7% of isolates, with a higher proportion among underweight participants (26.1%) compared to those of normal weight (11.8%), though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.2984). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Ofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic, while Cefotaxime showed the highest resistance rates. Statistical analysis demonstrated no significant association between BMI and antibiotic resistance patterns (p > 0.05), although a borderline association was observed with Cefotaxime (p = 0.0523). The findings indicate that while BMI may not be a major determinant of Escherichia coli resistance carriage, healthy students can harbor resistant and ESBL-producing strains that pose a potential public health risk. Regular surveillance and strict antibiotic stewardship are therefore recommended.

Icacina trichantha is widely recognized for its medicinal properties, including antioxidative and hematoprotective effects. Over the past decade, interest has grown in exploring the impact of medicinal plants on gene regulation and hematological parameters.The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of the Signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5) gene in aluminium chloride-induced anaemia bearing Wistar rats treated with Icacina trichantha aqueous leaf extract. A total of sixty (60) adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into six (6) groups; A, B, C, D, E and F representing control, aluminum chloride group, ferrous sulfate group, aluminum chloride + 100mg/kg Icacina trichantha, aluminum chloride + 200mg/kg Icacina trichantha and aluminum chloride + 400mg/kg Icacina trichantha respectively. 5 milliliters (5ml) of blood sample were drawn from each rat, and haematological parameters and mRNA of STAT5 was determined using ERMA haematology autoanalyzer and polymerase chain reaction respectively. Data obtained was analyzed using the GraphPad prism software. The comparison of haematological parameters amongst the study groups showed that Mean cell volume (MCV) (µm3) was significantly lower in group F (54.64±0.96) when compared to group C (58.22±0.49) (p<0.05). Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) (pg) was significantly lower in group F (18.72±0.23) when compared to group C (19.66±0.07) (p<0.05). Platelet distribution width (PDW %) was significantly lower in group E (8.96±0.27) when compared to group D (10.6±0.31) (p<0.05). Groups B, C, D, E, and F showed significantly higher mRNA expression of STAT5 when compared to group A (p<0.05). Groups D, E and F had a higher mRNA expression of STAT5 when compared to group A and B (p<0.05). Group F also had a higher mRNA expression of STAT5 when compared to group D (p<0.05). In conclusion, administration of aluminum chloride and Icacina trichantha aqueous leaf extract led to significant effects on some haematological parameters although the mRNA expression showed dose-dependent alterations in the gene expression of STAT5.

Parkia biglobosa (African locust beans) is a perennial plant, it's seed has been reported to have good organoleptic containing high levels of fat, crude protein, pure protein, carbohydrates and starch. The fermented seed of P.biglobosa has been reported to contain an increased level of nutrients and secondary metabolites such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, phenols, saponins, flavonoids as compared to the unfermented seed. In various studies p.biglobosa has been shown to have antiulcer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory therapeutic properties. Aspirin is a salicylic acid and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Aspirin is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain. Aspirin has been reported to have cardiovascular protective effect as well as adverse effects such as stomach ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. The aim of this study is to investigate fermented seed extract of Parkia biglobosa for its gastroprotective effect on aspirin induced gastrointestinal injury. Thirty male wistar rats where used for this study,which was divided into six groups having five rats per group (n=5). Animals in group one served as the unexposed group, groups two where fed 1000mg/kg of extract, group three where fed 20mg/kg of aspirin, group four, five and six were fed the extract and aspirin at alternated time frame. Histological changes as well as stomach weight, initial and final body weight were analyzed. Statistical softway SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data obtained. The statistical results showed no significant difference in increased stomach and body weight at p value <0.05. In the histological analysis of the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, group one and two where normal, group three had inflammation as a result of the aspirin administered. In group four the various parts analyzed where normal which showed the counter effect of p.biglobosa. Group five and six had various parts still inflamed which could be as a result of increased dosage or the duration of administration. In conclusion, it maybe inferred that Parkia biglobosa has an effect, which is a counteracting effect on aspirin against gastrointestinal tract injury in male wistar rat.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are major global health concerns, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria accounts for a substantial burden, with millions affected by both viruses. HBV and HIV share common transmission routes and pose serious health risks, especially among immunocompromised individuals such as oncology patients. The aim of this study is to determine the seroprevalence of HBV and HIV among oncology patients attending secondary and tertiary health facilities in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among oncology patients at the University Of Benin Teaching Hospital. A total of 150 consenting patients were recruited for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Venous blood samples (3ml) were collected, and analyzed for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HIV antibodies using rapid diagnostic test kits following standard procedures and manufacturer’s instructions. Females constituted the majority of the study population. The results in this study showed total seroprevalence of HIV was 4% (3 males and 3 females) , while HBV was 2% ( 1 male and 2 females) . Infections were only recorded among patients with carcinoma-type cancers with a prevalence of 4.8% and 2.4% for HIV and HBV respectively. Age-specific analysis showed that HIV infection was most prevalent in age groups 51-60 (7.4%) and 41–50 (6.7%). HBV prevalence was highest among patients ages 51–60 (7.4%). Age and sex showed not statistical significant in influencing infection. Awareness level revealed that although all participants had heard of HIV, only a small portion was aware of HBV. In conclusion, these findings observed a measurable prevalence of HIV and HBV among oncology patients in Benin City. Increased awareness of viral infections, particularly among high-risk groups should be implemented to improve early detection, prevent reactivation (HBV) during immunosuppressive therapy, and reduce complications related to coinfection.

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, and remains a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early biochemical tests are needed to detect preeclampsia. Routine antenatal care relies only on blood pressure and proteinuria to detect the disorder. It is important to identify biochemical analytes that could detect the disorder early before complications set in. Therefore, this study evaluated serum calcium, magnesium and uric acid levels in 53 pregnant women with newly diagnosed preeclampsia, and 50 normotensive pregnant women which served as controls. Clinical data (age, body mass index (BMI), gestational age, and venous blood samples were collected. Serum calcium, magnesium, and uric acid were determined by spectrophotometric method. Data were compared between-group, Pearson correlations, and multivariable linear regression were calculated (adjusting for age, BMI, and gestational age). Preeclamptic women were slightly older and had higher BMI; unadjusted means (controls vs. cases) were calcium 9.29 ± 0.72 vs. 8.20 ± 1.30 mg/dL, magnesium 2.32 ± 0.23 vs. 1.72 ± 0.24 mg/dL, and uric acid 4.39 ± 0.58 vs. 5.72 ± 0.94 mg/dL (p<0.001). After adjustment, differences remained large and statistically significant: calcium −1.19 mg/dL (95% CI −1.64 to −0.73), magnesium −0.59 mg/dL (95% CI −0.70 to −0.49), and uric acid +1.37 mg/dL (95% CI +1.04 to +1.70) (p<0.001). These findings indicate that, preeclampsia is associated with lower calcium and magnesium and higher uric acid independent of age, BMI, and gestational age, supporting their potential value in risk stratification and local antenatal care planning