ILEKUBAECHEZONAKENNETH

Male reproductive toxicity induced by BPA is a major public health concern due to its widespread presence and endocrine-disrupting capabilities. Although antioxidant and Phyto therapeutic agents have shown promise in mitigating general oxidative damage, there is insufficient scientific evidence on the immunohistochemical profiles of testicular tissues treated concurrently with BPA and Phyto therapeutic agents like Ginkgo biloba and Tribulus terrestris. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic compound that's known to induces reproductive toxicity in males characterized by oxidative stress, impaired spermatogenesis, and decreased testosterones levels. This research was aimed to assess the Morphological and Biochemical effects of Ginkgo biloba and Tribulus terrestris on BPA- induced reproductive toxicity in male wistar rats. A total of 40 healthy adult male wistar rats, initial body weight -150-250 g, were used for this work and were divided into five separate groups (Negative control, BPA- exposed, BPA + Ginkgo biloba, BPA + Tribulus terrestris and BPA Phytotherapeutic (Ginkgo biloba Tribulus terrestris). Parameters evaluated were sperm analysis, the following parameters were measured as indices of oxidative stress (Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Catalase, Malondialdehyde. Immunohistochemical analysis/ histological techniques on testes, prostates, epididymis and seminal vesicles, was performed to evaluate markers of apoptosis and tissue integrity. Findings clearly demonstrated that BPA exposure induces significant reproductive toxicity, primarily targeting the testes and epididymis, while phytotherapeutic intervention especially combined Ginkgo biloba and Tribulus terrestris-attenuated many of these adverse effects, One of the most striking findings of this study was the significant reduction in sperm count, progressive motility, and normal morphology in the BPA-exposed group, alongside a corresponding increase in non-motile and non-progressively motile spermatozoa, Superscript letters (a,b,c) indicates significant difference between groups based on Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at p<0.05, groups sharing the same subscript letter are not significantly different from each other, F- values are from one-way ANOVA. P<0.001 indicates highly significant difference among groups. Immunohistochemical detection of y-H2AX revealed increased DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in germ cells of BPA-exposed rats, predominantly localized to the basal germinal epithelium. DNA DSBs are among the most severe forms of genetic damage and can lead to meiotic arrest or germ cell loss if unrepaired. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that bisphenol A induces significant male reproductive toxicity, primarily affects the testes and epididymis through oxidative stress, histological degeneration, and DNA double-strand breaks, leading to impaired sperm quality. Although endogenous antioxidant defenses were upregulated following BPA exposure, they were insufficient to prevent tissue damage, Treatment with Ginkgo biloba and Tribulus terrestris, particularly in combination, significantly attenuated BPA-induced reproductive toxicity, preserving tissue architecture, reducing DNA damage, and improving sperm parameters.