EVALUATION

This study examines the performance of the ZigBee Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in indoor environments, with a focus on understanding how distance and environmental obstacles influence wireless signal propagation. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, utilizing two ZigBee Pro S2B modules configured through XCTU software. Measurements were taken at distances ranging from 10 feet to 50 feet, under various conditions involving obstacles such as furniture, walls, and human presence. The findings indicate that RSSI values exhibit a progressive decline with increased distance and greater obstacle density. Specifically, the signal strength diminished by approximately 4 to 6 dB for every 10-foot increment, with an additional decrease of 3 to 5 dB for every two additional obstacles encountered. It was determined that walls and human presence are the most significant factors contributing to signal attenuation, due to effects related to reflection, absorption, and scattering. These results are consistent with theoretical path loss models and corroborate prior empirical studies, reinforcing the notion that the performance of ZigBee technology is significantly influenced by environmental conditions. The study concludes that ZigBee is well-suited for short-range, low-power Internet of Things (IoT) and sensor applications; however, optimal node placement and the implementation of mesh networking are critical for ensuring reliable communication in complex indoor environments. The insights derived from this research hold valuable implications for enhancing the design and deployment of wireless sensor networks in academic and smart-building contexts.

Highway accidents are a significant concern worldwide, leading to substantial loss of life, property, and economic productivity. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of highway accidents by investigating their frequency, underlying causes, and exploring effective preventive measures. Through an extensive review of historical accident data, this research will assess key factors contributing to highway accidents, including human behavior, vehicle conditions, environmental influences, and road infrastructure. Special attention will be given to identifying accident-prone areas (blackspots) and determining the most common types of accidents, as well as the timeframes in which they frequently occur. To better understand the root causes of these accidents, the study will employ statistical analysis and machine learning techniques on data sourced from government databases and highway safety reports. The study will focus on critical factors such as driver error, vehicle malfunctions, poor road design, adverse weather conditions, and inadequate traffic management systems. It will also analyze the effectiveness of existing safety measures like traffic signals, road signage, and speed limits, while proposing new, data-driven interventions for improving highway safety. The expected results of this research include a clearer identification of high-risk areas and times for highway accidents, as well as the discovery of key accident causative factors. Based on these findings, the study will propose targeted solutions, such as enhancing road infrastructure, increasing public awareness campaigns on safe driving, implementing stricter vehicle inspection protocols, and adopting advanced traffic monitoring systems. Ultimately, the results are expected to provide actionable insights for policymakers and highway authorities to reduce accident rates and improve overall road safety.

This study critically evaluates Immanuel Kant’s concept of space and time as presented in his Critique of Pure Reason, examining its implications in the context of human existence. Kant revolutionized metaphysics by proposing that space and time are not empirical realities existing independently of human experience, but rather a priori forms of intuition through which the human mind structures all sensory data. This transcendental idealism asserts that space and time are subjective conditions that make experience possible, rather than external entities. The study explores how Kant’s notion redefines human existence by situating individuals as active participants in the construction of reality, emphasizing the centrality of human cognition in shaping the phenomenal world. Through this evaluation, the research highlights the profound philosophical implications of Kant’s theory for understanding human perception, knowledge, and existence. It argues that Kant’s framework bridges the gap between empiricism and rationalism, providing a foundation for existential reflection on human limitations and possibilities within the bounds of perception. Ultimately, the study affirms that Kant’s concept of space and time remains crucial in understanding the human condition as one that is both finite and meaningfully engaged with the world of appearances.

This study explores David Humes skepticism and its implication for human knowledge. Emphasizing the challenges posed by his empirical approach of philosophy, Hume argues that all human understanding is rooted in sensory experience, yet he questions the validity of inferences made beyond immediate observation. His skepticism (extent) to concepts of causation induction, and the self-suggesting that our beliefs about the world are often unfounded. The study examines Humes critique of rationalism particularly his assertion that reason is subordinate to passion in guiding human 9 behavior. It also discusses the implications of human’s skepticism for epistemology, particularly the limitations of certainty in knowledge acquisition. By analyzing Humes contributions, the study highlights the enduring relevance of his philosophical inquiries in contemporary discussions about the nature and limits of human’s knowledge.

This research critically evaluates the concept of reincarnation within the Edo worldview, focusing specifically on the Owan people of the southern part of Edo State, Nigeria. Reincarnation is understood as the return of ancestral spirits through new births and plays a central role in Owan cosmology, shaping social identity, moral conduct, and communal continuity. While reincarnation is widely acknowledged in African traditional religions, the Owan perspective remains understudied in Edo’s worldview. The study employs a qualitative methodology that includes oral interviews, participant observation, and archival analysis to explore reincarnation practices such as naming ceremonies, viiidivination, and ritual observances. Findings reveal that reincarnation serves as a moral compass, social institution, and philosophical framework. It fosters respect for elders, strengthens kinship bonds, preserves oral traditions, and reduces the fear of death by presenting it as a transition rather than an end. It also offers a system of cosmic justice, where virtuous lives are rewarded with favorable rebirths, while violations of communal norms may result in difficult or denied reincarnation. This study demonstrates that reincarnation remains a vital element of Owan ontology and a coherent expression of African metaphysics. It functions as both a spiritual and social philosophy, linking the unborn, the living, and the ancestors in a continuous cycle of existence. By affirming identity, morality, and communal belonging, reincarnation remains resilient amidst socioreligious change. The study therefore recommends documentation of oral traditions, integration of indigenous cosmologies into education, interreligious dialogue. This research concludes that reincarnation in Owan thought is not merely speculation about life after death, but a moral and cultural philosophy of life itself. It affirms that existence is cyclical, that human actions reverberate across generations, and that the living remain forever bound to those who came before them. Preserving this belief is therefore not only about safeguarding Owan heritage but also about sustaining a worldview that emphasizes continuity, moral responsibility, and the eternal relevance of African traditional thought.

This study evaluated the knowledge, perceptions, and challenges regarding the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in X-ray reporting among 60 radiographers professionals in Edo State, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation. The results indicated a moderate level of foundational knowledge (Mean = 6.12 out of 10), with strengths in macro- concepts but weaknesses in understanding specific AI tools ( 40.00% ) and limitations/bias ( 45.00% ). Overall perceptions were positive and optimistic (Mean = 3.65 ), with strong agreement that AI should serve as a supportive tool (Mean 4.35) to enhance workflow efficiency (Mean 4.30). Inferential analysis revealed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) between knowledge and favorable perception, confirming that education drives professional acceptance. However, the adoption of AI faces severe structural barriers: Lack of infrastructure (e.g., high-speed internet) was ranked as the most frequent challenge (Mean 4.10), followed by high implementation costs and insufficient training. The study concludes that while the human capital in Edo State is willing and ready to adopt AI, systemic infrastructural and educational deficits represent the primary obstacles. Targeted investment in Industrial Training infrastructure and mandatory specialized training are essential to transition AI from theory to reliable clinical practice.

Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) is a medicinal grass widely valued in ethnomedicine for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, with its bioactivity linked to essential oils, phenolics, and flavonoids. Although extensively used, there is limited comparative evidence on how solvent polarity influences the anti-inflammatory potential of its extracts. This study therefore evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol (polar) and diethyl ether (non-polar) extracts of C. citratus in order to assess differences in solvent efficiency and bioactivity. Fresh leaves collected from the University of Benin were authenticated and extracted using standardized procedures, information was sourced from laboratory analyses combined with current literatures from PubMed, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Extracts were tested in vitro for inhibition of protein denaturation, heat-induced haemolysis, antiproteinase activity, and lipoxygenase inhibition, with aspirin serving as the standard drug. Extraction yield was slightly higher for diethyl ether (1.72%) than for ethanol (1.56%). Both extracts exhibited concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory activity across all assays. In the protein-denaturation assay, ethanol extract inhibited 65.9% at 500 µg/ml while diethyl ether showed 69.4%, compared with 82.3% for aspirin. In the haemolysis test, ethanol recorded 61.7% and diethyl ether 58.4% inhibition, while aspirin reached 75.6%. Antiproteinase activity was 59.2% for ethanol and 56.8% for diethyl ether, against 70.4% for aspirin. Lipoxygenase inhibition was stronger in the diethyl ether extract (64.5%) than ethanol (60.1%), though both were lower than aspirin (78.2%). The findings confirm that C. citratus possesses measurable in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, supporting its traditional use in managing inflammation-related disorders. Solvent polarity was shown to influence the degree and spectrum of bioactivity, highlighting the importance of solvent selection in herbal preparation. However, the study was limited to in vitro models, two extraction solvents, and a single collection site. Future research should explore in vivo and clinical trials, and adopt advanced extraction techniques

The purpose of the study was to find out the the socio-economic determinants of
marital stability in Oredo Local government area, Edo State. It was a descriptive
research with emphasis on survey approach. Purposive sampling method was used to
cover both Urban and Rural areas of study. Findings revealed that marital conflicts
did exist. The results of the two hypotheses tested revealed that there were no significant differences in the causes of marital conflicts among couples based on level
of education and length of marriage. In conclusion, the inevitability of conflicts in any
form of marriage was established. To prevent or manage crisis therefore will depend
largely on the mutual understanding of couples involved. Based on this conclusion, it
is recommended that adequate provision be made for both preventive, remedial and
rehabilitative counseling, interventions through different bodies such as government
and non-governmental organizations {NGO’s} for the married and prospective couples to enhance marital stability in our societies.

This study presents an evaluation of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Social Contract Theory and explores its relevance to the Nigerian socio-political culture. Rousseau’s theory, expressed in his classical work, emphasizes that individuals give up certain freedoms in exchange for protection and civil order under a collective agreement. This contract creates a society governed by the general will, which represents the interest of all, thereby ensuring justice, equality, and the preservation of liberty. His ideas on sovereignty, popular participation, and the primacy of the common good remain central to political philosophy and provide a framework for understanding modern democratic governance. In the Nigerian context, the application of Rousseau’s Social Contract Theory reveals both its significance and its challenges. Nigeria, as a multi-ethnic and diverse nation, aspires to uphold democratic ideals, yet often faces political instability, corruption, and weak institutions that undermine the social contract between government and citizens. Rather than reflecting the general will, political power frequently serves personal or sectional interests, creating a disconnect between leadership and the governed. By drawing upon Rousseau’s vision of collective responsibility and accountability, Nigeria’s political culture can be critically examined with a view to reinforcing participatory governance, social justice, and inclusivity. However, the study also highlights limitations in directly applying Rousseau’s theory to Nigeria’s pluralistic society. The assumption of a unified will among citizens contrasts with Nigeria’s reality, where ethnic and religious divisions complicate the pursuit of a common purpose. The challenge, therefore, lies in adapting Rousseau’s principles to a diverse environment while ensuring respect for pluralism. The study concludes that Rousseau’s Social Contract Theory provides a useful philosophical framework for critiquing governance in Nigeria. While not a perfect fit, its ideals of equality, justice, and accountability offer a valuable lens for strengthening Nigeria’s democratic culture and addressing its socio- political challenges.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is widely known for its medicinal and antimicrobial properties, with its extracts being used in traditional and modern medicine. Due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics, plant-based antimicrobials have gained attention as alternative therapeutic agents. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of hot and cold water extracts of Lemongrass leaves against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas sp. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides in both extracts, with glycosides being more prominent in the hot extract. Saponins, steroids, and terpenoids were absent. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, where the hot extract showed higher zones of inhibition at 100% concentration: S. aureus (13.00 ± 0.00 mm), E. coli (16.00 ± 0.00 mm), and Pseudomonas sp. (18.20 ± 0.00 mm), compared to the cold extract: S. aureus (9.0 ± 0.50 mm), E. coli (11.20 ± 0.20 mm), and Pseudomonas sp. (12.00 ± 0.00 mm). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) revealed that the hot extract inhibited E. coli at 25 mg/ml, Pseudomonas sp. at 50 mg/ml, and S. aureus at 25 mg/ml, while the cold extract only inhibited Pseudomonas sp. at 100 mg/ml and S. aureus at 25 mg/ml. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) results showed that the hot extract was bactericidal against S. aureus and bacteriostatic against E. coli and Pseudomonas sp., while the cold extract was bactericidal against Pseudomonas sp. and bacteriostatic against the other isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that Gram-positive bacteria were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, while Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to azithromycin. These results highlight the potential application of Cymbopogon citratus as an alternative treatment for bacterial infections, particularly in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens.