EVALUATION

Kigelia africana, commonly known as the sausage tree, is a plant widely recognized for its medicinal properties in various traditional medicine systems across Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of total flavonoid Rich Extract (FRE) on membrane stabilization and the hematological property of the rat. The study was carried out in Wister rats exposed to Carrageenan for 24 hours. The membrane stabilizing effect of the Flavonoid Rich Extract was evaluated using the Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilizing method. The Flavonoids Rich Extract fraction in heated induced hemolysis and hypotonic solution of HRBC as against the standard (aspirin) in wastar rats. The total Flavonoids Rich Extract has shown protection against hemolysis of human red blood cells either through heatinduced or hypertonicity, that is it can be used for the management of in-vitro inflammation. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the total flavonoids extract from the plant Kigelia africana was assessed using the in vivo hypoglycemic (anticancer) and antineoplastic (antitumor) activities of the extracts. The results showed a significant decrease (p > 0.05) in the White Blood Cells (WBC) of carrageenans only treated rat, carrageeenans and sodium diclofenac treated rats, and a significantly increase in it WBC of rats treated with Carrageenenan and Quercetin, Carrageenans and Flavonoids Rich Extract (100 mg/kg body wt.), and Carrageenans and Flavonoids Rich Extract (200 mg/kg body wt.), when compared to the control group

The result for proximate analysis on Ginger( Zingiber officinale) showed carbohydrates 59.97± 0.41, crude fibre 3.65± 0.05, Ash 6.23 ± 0.10, Crudefat8.66±0.35, protein 11.90 ±0.15, and moisture 9.47±0.09. From the results, ginger has high carbohydrate content and contain low value of moisture indicating a longer shelf life.The Phytochemical screening of ginger showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolics, terpenoids, saponin, glycoside, steroids, and the absence of tannin, phlobotanin, and anthraquinone. Antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties can be attributed to the presence of the phytochemicals present

In Nigeria, road construction is often followed by neglect, with little or no provision for maintenance. This accelerates pavement deterioration due to factors such as rain fall, traffic loads, poor drainage, and harsh environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the condition of a 0.25 km road connecting Ethiope River Road and the University of Benin Back Gate (Ugbowo Campus). The study involved a field survey to document visible deterioration, followed by an assessment using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) and Pavement Condition Rating (PCR) methods. The procedure adhered to ASTM D6433-07 standards, with the roadway divided into 5 sample units. Each unit was inspected for distress type, severity, and extent, and PCI values were calculated and categorized from “Failed” to “Excellent.” The results were analyzed and mapped using ArcGIS software for spatial visualization. The calculated PCI values for the five sample units, S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 were 75, 49, 62, 55, and 32 respectively. These values correspond to pavement condition ratings (PCR) spanning from Satisfactory to Very Poor. The overall PCI for the road section was determined by computing the average of the individual unit PCI values, yielding an overall PCI of 54.6 for the Ekosodin Road, which classifies the pavement as being in a poor condition according to ASTM D6433-07 standards. The GIS-based spatial analysis revealed a concentration of severe pavement distresses toward the mid and lower portions of the road, suggesting localized structural and drainage-related problems. The results (Overall PCI of 54.6 and the digitized road section) indicates that while the pavement remains marginally serviceable, it requires urgent maintenance and partial rehabilitation to restore its functionality and prevent further deterioration. The combined use of PCI, PCR, and GIS tools proved to be a reliable and effective approach for comprehensive pavement condition assessment and should be adopted for routine pavement management within the University of Benin and similar environments

Animal manure, a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers, is rich in beneficial microorganisms capable of improving soil structure, nutrient availability, and crop yield. Understanding the bacteriological characteristics of these manures is crucial for optimizing their agricultural application while minimizing potential pathogenic risks. The study was conducted to investigate the microbial composition and plant growth-promoting potential of ruminant and non-ruminant animal manures to enhance soil fertility management. The research aimed to isolate and identify bacteria present in animal manures using phenotypic and molecular methods, evaluate their PGP traits, and assess their effects on the germination and growth performance of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin). A total of twenty-four manure samples from ruminant and non-ruminant animals were collected
from different farms in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Standard microbiological procedures were used for isolation, enumeration, and biochemical identification of bacterial isolates. Phenotypic characterization involved Gram staining and biochemical assays such as oxidase, indole, catalase, urease, citrate utilization, and triple sugar iron tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Pathogenicity tests, including gelatin liquefaction, DNase, lipase, and hemolysin assays, were conducted to assess the virulence potentials of isolates. The isolates were also screened for plant growth-promoting traits such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and ammonia production. In addition, the impact of different manure treatments on Telfairia occidentalis was evaluated through germination rate, vine length, leaf area, chlorophyll content and biomass yield. The results revealed that the heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from 13.30 × 10⁵ cfu/g in nonruminant manure to 27.80 × 10⁵ cfu/g in mixed manure, while the coliform count varied between6.40 × 10⁴ cfu/g and 13.69 × 10⁴ cfu/g, indicating a higher microbial load in the mixed manure samples. Six major bacterial species were identified Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica and Bacillus velezensis with E. coli showing the highest frequency of occurrence (25%). Molecular characterization further revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA3 (88.5% identity), Escherichia coli strain NCCP 15734 (92.1%), Bacillus velezensis strain UA0297 (97.3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae strain BUH3 (96.8%). Most isolates demonstrated positive results for plant growth-promoting xv traits such as nitrogen fixation, Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and ammonia production. Growth trials on Telfairia occidentalis showed that plants treated with mixed manure had the best performance, with an average vine length of 76.05 cm, leaf number of 33, and leaf length of 25.13 cm by weekeight, compared to control plants with 55.13 cm vine length and 20 leaves. These findings confirm that animal manures, particularly mixed manure, significantly enhanced plant growth and soil microbial quality and therefore can serve as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture and improved crop productivity

The result for proximate analysis on Ginger( Zingiber officinale) showed carbohydrates 59.97± 0.41, crude fibre 3.65± 0.05, Ash 6.23 ± 0.10, Crude fat 8.66±0.35, protein 11.90 ±0.15 and moisture 9.47±0.09. From the results, ginger has high carbohydrate content and contain low value of moisture indicating a longer shelf life.The Phytochemical screening of ginger showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolics, terpenoids, saponin, glycoside,steroids and the absence of tannin, phlobotanin and anthraquinone. Antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory property can be attributed to the presence of the phytochemicals present.

Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity in Nigeria, and community pharmacists are positioned to bridge the documented "profoundly poor" self-care gap in Lokoja. This study evaluated the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of Lokoja's community pharmacists regarding evidence-based hypertension management. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated KAP questionnaire, achieving an 88% participation rate (n=44) from the total population (N=50) of community pharmacists in Lokoja. Pharmacists demonstrated a highly positive attitude towards their role (WM=4.70) but perceived their pharmacies as unprepared for these services (WM=3.39). A critical knowledge deficit was identified: 75.8% were familiar with the outdated 2003 JNC 7 guideline, while only 27.3% knew the current 2017 ACC/AHA guideline. This correlated with poor knowledge of current Stage 1 (59.1%) and Stage 2 (54.5%) hypertension definitions. Practice was clearly divided, with high engagement in passive counseling (e.g., "Medication Counseling," 86.4% "Always") but low engagement in systematic, long-term care (e.g., "Documentation," WM=3.48; "Patient follow-up," WM=4.02). A significant knowledge-practice gap exists among Lokoja's pharmacists, driven not by poor attitude but by outdated guideline knowledge and environmental barriers. Mandated CPD on current guidelines and implementation of structured in-pharmacy systems are recommended..

This study evaluated factors responsible for the increase in crime among youths: using Egor as a case study. The main objective of the study is to bring to light the downplayed factors that contribute to the increased crime rate among youths in Egor Local Government area. The specific objectives are to investigate causes of crime, examine the influence of family dynamics on juvenile delinquency, explore how family background and parental upbringing influences youth involvement in criminal activities and identify the roles of social workers in addressing crime among youths in the study area. The study adopted a descriptive research approach and a population of 339,899 with a sample size of 300 using the purposive sampling. The findings aligned with the global research that youths and young adults constitute the group most vulnerable to involvement in deviant behaviours and that socio-economic factors like poverty and unemployment are drivers of youth crime in the study area. The following recommendations were made that the government should strengthen economic empowerment programmes for youths and families are encouraged to develop consistent and positive parenting practices and communities establish neighbourhood watch programmes.

Driving in urban centers and neighborhoods at high speed without regard to safety of the inhabitants brought about the emergence of the use of speed bumps and other traffic devices. Road bumps play a crucial goal in enforcing speed limits, thereby
preventing over speeding of vehicles. The use of this device overtime had resulted in series of debate worldwide. While some
are complaining of the inconvenience caused by this device, others are calling for more of this device. This study therefore seek to investigate the use of speed bumps on Nigeria highway with specific reference to Warri-Sapele road, Warri, Delta State.
Using quantitative research method, 50 units of questionnaires were designed and administered to drivers, motorist and residents at various reference points on the road section to sought information about the effectiveness of the devices. measurement of the height, width, length and spacing of the device were carried out with the aid of equipment in Geomatics engineering and this data were compared to the city of Bakersfield, California standard for speed bump parameter. The result shows that 84.4% of the existing speed bumps were of spacing below the LATM standard of 60-90(m), 26.7% had width less than the accepted value of 300mm and 100% had height exceeding the standard of 60mm. The result of the speed bumps parameters shows that the bumps were built with no recourse to specification as the height, width, length and spacing keeps changing from one bump to the other due to its instantaneous demand.