Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the principal causative agent of cervical cancer, which remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women in Nigeria. Despite the availability of effective HPV vaccines, uptake among eligible girls remains unacceptably low, partly due to poor knowledge, negative attitudes, and low acceptance among mothers who serve as primary decision-makers for childhood immunization. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and acceptance of HPV vaccination among mothers in Egor Local Government Area, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 424 mothers in Egor LGA, selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested, structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of HPV and its vaccine, attitude towards HPV vaccination, acceptance of the HPV vaccine, and factors influencing acceptance. Knowledge and attitude scores were categorised as good (≥70%) or poor (<70%). Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 27.0. Descriptive statistics, chi- square tests, and logistic regression were used as appropriate.
Results: The mean age of respondents was 37.41 ± 10.10 years, and the majority (43.2%) were in the 30–39 years age group. Most respondents (51.9%) had tertiary education, and 84.4% belonged to the middle socioeconomic class. Overall, 70.8% of respondents had previously heard of HPV, with hospitals and health centres being the most common source of information (52.0%). Only 53.0% of respondents demonstrated good knowledge of HPV and its vaccine, while 81.0% had a positive attitude and 81.0% accepted or were willing to vaccinate their daughters. On multivariable logistic regression, independent predictors of good knowledge were older age (OR = 1.030, 95% CI: 1.010–1.051, p = 0.004) and higher educational attainment (p < 0.001). xvi Independent predictors of positive attitude were good knowledge (OR = 5.053, 95% CI: 2.807– 9.098, p < 0.001) and being ever-married (OR = 4.349, 95% CI: 1.368–13.824, p = 0.013). Positive attitude was the sole independent predictor of acceptance of HPV vaccination (OR = 5.003, 95% CI: 2.746–9.114, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Despite poor knowledge among the majority of respondents, attitudes towards and acceptance of HPV vaccination were high. Targeted health education programmes addressing the knowledge gap are essential to sustaining and translating positive attitudes into improved HPV vaccine uptake among eligible girls in Egor LGA and similar urban communities in Nigeria.

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) pose a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, contributing to increased morbidity, mortality, and weakened trust in the pharmaceutical and health care systems. Despite the crucial role of pharmaco-vigilance in identifying, assessing, and preventing drug-related harm, ADR reporting in Nigeria remains profoundly inadequate due to low awareness, insufficient training of health professionals, weak regulatory enforcement, systemic corruption, and poor reporting infrastructure. Pharmaceutical companies are legally obligated to ensure drug safety; however, gaps in Nigeria’s legal and regulatory frameworks hinder effective accountability when ADRs occur. Although the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act (FCCPA) provide statutory safeguards for drug regulation and consumer protection, enforcement challenges persist, enabling substandard, adulterated, or counterfeit drugs to penetrate the market. This research examines the liability of pharmaceutical companies under Nigerian law in relation to ADRs, focusing on the statutory, institutional, and legal mechanisms designed to protect consumers. It explores negligence, product liability, and strict liability principles, highlighting obstacles that prevent victims from seeking legal redress. The study further evaluates the pharmaco-vigilance system in Nigeria, assessing barriers such as inadequate funding, lack of skilled manpower, limited public awareness, and poor inter-agency collaboration. Through doctrinal analysis of legislation, case law, and scholarly sources, the research identifies critical deficiencies in drug safety oversight and calls for reforms to strengthen pharmaco- vigilance, enhance legal accountability, and improve patient protection. The findings underscore the need for a more effective regulatory framework to ensure drug safety, foster transparency, and uphold the rights of consumers within Nigeria’s pharmaceutical sector.

Background: Standard precautions are essential infection prevention and control measures used to reduce healthcare associated infections and occupational exposure among healthcare workers. Inadequate compliance with standard precautions remains a major public health concern in many healthcare facilities, particularly in resource‑limited settings. Aim: This study assessed and compared adherence to standard precautions among healthcare workers in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital and identified determinants influencing compliance. Methods: A descriptive cross‑sectional study was conducted among 370 healthcare workers (doctors and nurses) in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Data was collected using a structured self‑administered questionnaire. Knowledge and Adherence was assessed using standardized questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27. Descriptive statistics, chi‑square tests and logistic regression analysis were used for analysis. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of respondents was 35.10 +/- 8.03 for doctors - who constituted 53.8% of the total population and 36.18 +/- 11.01 for nurses. The majority of respondents demonstrated good knowledge of standard precaution however doctors displayed a higher level of knowledge compared to nurses and the difference was statistically significant (48.6% and 37.6% respectively, p=0.01 ). Predictors of good knowledge were the male gender and doctors with males being less likely to have good knowledge (Odds Ratio= 0.210, C.I: 0.055 -0.799, p=0.022) and doctors being 2 times more likely to have good knowledge (Odds Ratio= 9.030, C.I: 2.342- 34.813, p=0.001). Hand hygiene and sharps disposal practices xvi recorded higher compliance levels compared with the use of protective eye goggles and face shields. Significantly more nurses 91(25.3%) always practiced hand hygiene before touching a patient compared to doctors 69(19.2%). The difference was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Respondents who previously attended infection prevention training demonstrated better compliance compared with those without training. There were no statistically significant predictors of compliance for doctors and nurses. Conclusion: Although healthcare workers demonstrated moderate to good knowledge and compliance with standard precautions, important gaps still exist. Continuous infection prevention training, improved institutional support and adequate provision of personal protective equipment are recommended to improve adherence to standard precautions among healthcare workers in UBTH

Background: Stroke often results in significant motor impairments, affecting the quality of life and independence of survivors. Conventional physiotherapy is effective but sometimes limited by patient engagement and intensity. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a promising intervention that provides immersive, interactive environments to enhance motor recovery. Aim: This study evaluated the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy on motor recovery among stroke survivors in University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Methods: Forty stroke survivors undergoing rehabilitation were randomly and equally assigned to either the experimental and control groups. Interventions were conducted three times a week for eight weeks, with each session lasting 20 minutes. Motor recovery was assessed through muscular strength, muscular endurance, joint range of motion, balance, and coordination using validated and reliable instruments. Descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to summarize the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants while inferential statistics of one-way ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses. Results: Participants in the VR group showed statistically significant improvements in all motor recovery parameters (muscle strength, muscle endurance, range of motion, balance and coordination) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Notably, upper and lower limb strength, endurance, range of motion, and balance improved more in the VR group. Conclusion: Virtual reality therapy is an effective treatment modality in stroke rehabilitation to enhance motor recovery after stroke. Thus, VR should be regarded as a cornerstone in the management of stroke survivors. Keywords: Stroke, Virtual Reality, Motor Recovery, Hemiparesis

The security of land titles in Nigeria has long been a critical challenge, with issues such as fraudulent transactions, multiple claims to the same land, and inefficiencies in the registration process undermining investor confidence and economic development. Despite the existence of statutory frameworks like the Land Use Act 1978 and various state land laws, these challenges persist, often due to bureaucratic delays, inadequate record-keeping, and limited integration of modern technologies in land administration. This study aims to appraise the role of technology, particularly digital registration systems and emerging tools like blockchain and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in enhancing the security of land titles in Nigeria. It seeks to identify how technological interventions can improve transparency, reduce fraud, facilitate efficient land transactions, and strengthen the protection of private and customary land interests. A doctrinal research methodology was employed, involving an extensive review of primary legal sources, including the Constitution, Land Use Act, relevant state land laws, and judicial decisions, complemented by secondary sources such as scholarly articles, policy documents, and case studies. Comparative insights from other jurisdictions, including Ghana and the United Kingdom, were also incorporated to contextualize the Nigerian experience. The findings reveal that technology-driven initiatives, such as digital land registries and electronic issuance of certificates of occupancy, have significantly improved record accuracy, accessibility, and verification processes. Blockchain and GIS applications offer additional opportunities to secure land records against manipulation, ensure traceability of transactions, and integrate spatial and ownership data for effective land management. However, challenges such as limited technical capacity, infrastructure constraints, and resistance to change remain barriers to full adoption. The study concludes that integrating technology into land administration in Nigeria holds substantial promise for enhancing title security, promoting investor confidence, and supporting sustainable land governance. It recommends that federal and state governments prioritize digital reforms, develop supportive legal frameworks for blockchain adoption, and provide capacity-building programs for land administration officials to fully realize these benefits.

This project explores “The portraiture of an Oluwo of the Ogboni Society”, focusing on the visual and symbolic representation of Yoruba traditional authority and spirituality through painting. The study examines how portraiture serves as a medium for preserving cultural identity, transmitting moral values, and expressing the sacred power associated with leadership within Yoruba society. This study was aimed to examine the historical and contemporary significance of the Ogboni society in Yoruba culture and to translate its spiritual and political identity into visual representations through painting. The research combines practical studio production with theoretical analysis, referencing notable Nigerian portrait painters such as Aina Onabolu, Ben Enwonwu, Yusuf Grillo, and Kolade Oshinowo. Their approaches to composition, symbolism, and realism influenced the conceptual and stylistic direction of the artwork. The painting depicts the Oluwo seated in regal attire, surrounded by ancestral symbols and spiritual emblems that communicate wisdom, justice, and divine authority. Through the use of colour, form, and cultural motifs, the artwork celebrates the continuity between the living and the ancestral world, portraying the Oluwo as a custodian of tradition and moral order. This study reveals that portraiture can effectively represent spiritual and cultural values by merging realism with symbolic abstraction, allowing the artist to convey both the physical likeness and the inner essence of the subject. The work also shows that the careful selection of colours, traditional symbols, and compositional balance enhances the spiritual depth and cultural relevance of the painting.The project concludes that portraiture remains a powerful visual language for cultural documentation and the reaffirmation of African identity. It recommends that artists continue to explore traditional themes in contemporary art practice to strengthen cultural preservation and education.

The essence of this project lies in the creation of a prototype that serves as an educational tool, offering a tangible insight into the world of offshore logistics. This Prototype, a scaled- down version of a platform supply vessel (PSV), is designed to mimic the functionalities of a real PSV. The Highlight of this educational resource is its physical design. The prototype features a distinctive hull design and bow shape, mirroring that of a real PSV. These elements not only add to its visual appeal but also play a crucial role in optimizing performance. Thus, this prototype stands as a unique innovation in the realm of educational resources for offshore logistics.

This project examines how Playwriting serves as a tool for cultural exploration in African drama, using Wole Soyinka's Death and the King's Horseman and Zulu Sofola's wedlock of the Gods as its study. The study examines how both playwrights use their plays through the theatre to preserve, express and question African values, beliefs and social system which mirrors the society. This study also draws its focus to some dominant cultural issues such as ritual, gender and power and how these issues reflect the struggles between tradition and change within the society. We explore culture through the lens of Wole Soyinka's Death and the King's Horseman which reflects tension between Yoruba ritual duty and colonial interference showing how misunderstanding of culture can lead to spiritual and communal disruption. While Zulu Sofola's on the other hand, explores the oppression of women in patriarchal society and exposes how cultural customs can be harmful when they deny individual freedom. This study however, seeks to promote culture through drama, preserve cultural identity and also promote cultural awareness. Keywords: Playwriting, Cultural Exploration, Wole Soyinka, Zulu Sofola

Land administration systems, largely shaped by legal frameworks like the Land Use Act, playapivotal role in managing land as a vital natural resource, ensuring its sustainable utilizationanddevelopment. This research delves into the multifaceted landscape of land management, encompassing social, legal, cultural, economic, and technical dimensions within whichlandadministrators navigate. Focusing on the Land Use Act, this study meticulously evaluatesitsefficacy in addressing the underlying challenges it was designed to alleviate, withparticularscrutiny on Section 47. Emphasis is placed on scrutinizing the limitations arising fromtheAct'snon-justiciability concerning the adequacy of compensation. Employing a doctrinal researchmethodology, the research examines legal principles and statutes to elucidate theseissues. Findings reveal a disjunction between the objectives of the Land Use Act and its practicaloutcomes, attributing this disparity to inherent flaws within the Act itself and challengesinitsimplementation. Consequently, the study advocates for legislative amendments to aligntheActwith contemporary realities, thereby enhancing its feasibility and effectiveness in practice. Thisresearch underscores the imperative of legislative evolution to address the dynamic complexitiesof land administration, advocating for reforms that resonate with the present socio-economicandlegal landscape.

A persistent lack of access to financial services may hinder small enterprises or start-ups from pursuing economic transformation opportunities. This is typical of traditional financial institutions that are reluctant to serve small businesses and start-ups due to perceived high-risk exposure and high failure rates. Hence, financial innovations such as fintech are increasingly leveraged to reduce barriers to capital access for business startups. Fintech offers services and products that meet the financial needs of customers more effectively than traditional banks. End-users adopt fintech services such as mobile money accounts and digital applications for financing, payments, investments, and accessing credit. In order to achieve this, a descriptive survey research design was used in eliciting response gotten from respondents. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect data from all working staffs in all SMEs within Benin City, Edo State. While the sample size was restricted to 360 employed workers. The collected data was analyzed using the simple percentage table. In the findings, it was revealed that fintech adoption has a significant effect on access to finance among SMEs in Nigeria. It was also revealed that fintech adoption has a significant impact on the growth and performance of SMEs in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends that government agencies and fintech providers should collaborate to implement widespread financial literacy and digital skills training. This will empower users to confidently navigate fintech platforms, improving economic empowerment and financial management.