comparative

Soil salinity is one of the major environmental problems limiting seed germination and crop productivity in tropical agriculture. Corchorus olitorius L. (jute) is an important fibre and vegetable crop in Nigeria, yet its early growth is highly sensitive to saline conditions. This study evaluated the physiological response of two jute landraces. Landrace C (from NIHORT) and Landrace D (from Delta State) were treated to different salt concentrations to determine their level of tolerance. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five sodium chloride (NaCl) levels: 5 ppm (control), 200, 2000, 5000, and 10,000 ppm, each replicated three times. Growth parameters observed included germination percentage, shoot height, number of leaves, stem girth, number of branches, internode length, and leaf area. Data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level. Results showed that salt stress caused a steady decline in all growth parameters. Landrace C had the highest germination rate (90.00 ± 17.32%) and best seedling growth at 200–2000 ppm, recording maximum shoot height (26.83 ± 4.64 cm) and leaf number (34.67 ± 1.70). Landrace D performed poorly, with peak germination at 200 ppm (20.00 ± 0.00%) and no growth beyond 2000 ppm. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) among treatments and between landraces. Overall, Landrace C exhibited stronger salt tolerance due to better osmotic adjustment and growth stability, making it suitable for cultivation and improvement in saline prone soil.

This project presents a detailed comparative study of six prominent AI-powered chatbots: DeepSeek, ChatGPT, Poe, DeepAI, Jasper, and Rasa. As organizations increasingly integrate chatbot technology to enhance customer service and user engagement, understanding the diverse capabilities of these tools becomes essential. This study aims to systematically evaluate the performance of each chatbot across multiple parameters, including functionality, accuracy, user satisfaction, task completion rates, and cost- effectiveness. To facilitate this comparison, we employ a weighted scoring model that assigns relative importance to each parameter based on organizational needs. This model allows for a nuanced analysis, accommodating the various strengths and weaknesses exhibited by each chatbot. For instance, while ChatGPT is recognized for its versatile conversational abilities and high user satisfaction, DeepSeek excels in specialized information retrieval. Similarly, Jasper focuses on content generation, whereas Rasa offers flexibility for developers in building contextual AI assistants. Data for this study is collected through user surveys, performance testing, and analysis of chatbot logs. The results are presented in a comprehensive format, providing both quantitative scores and qualitative insights. By the end of this project, we aim to deliver actionable recommendations for organizations, guiding them in selecting the most appropriate chatbot solution tailored to their specific requirements. Ultimately, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge in AI chatbot technology, facilitating informed decision-making in an increasingly competitive digital landscape.

This study presents a comparative analysis of three major frontend frameworks—React, Vue, and Angular—with the goal of identifying their strengths, weaknesses, and suitability for different types of web development projects. The research adopted a mixed-method approach that combined experimental performance testing with a developer survey. The experimental analysis focused on key performance metrics such as rendering speed, memory usage, CPU utilization, and bundle size, while the survey gathered developers’ perceptions on usability, learning curve, community support, and development efficiency. Findings revealed that no single framework is superior in all aspects. React recorded the fastest initial load time and the highest overall performance score, making it ideal for applications that prioritize quick content delivery. Vue demonstrated the best runtime efficiency, smallest bundle size, and lowest resource consumption, proving effective for lightweight and performance- sensitive projects. Angular, although heavier in resource usage, stood out for its comprehensive structure, built-in tools, and scalability—features that make it highly suitable for large enterprise systems. Survey results showed strong developer satisfaction across all three frameworks, with most respondents acknowledging their active communities, extensive learning resources, and productivity benefits. The study concludes that framework selection should depend on project requirements and team expertise rather than popularity. It recommends React for performancefocused projects, Vue for resource-efficient and adaptable applications, and Angular for large- scale, structured enterprise solutions.

Medical malpractice poses significant risks to patient safety and healthcare systems in Nigeria. It examines the legal consequences of medical malpractice in Nigeria through a comparative analysis with other jurisdictions and explores the country's obligations to respect, protect and fulfill the rights of citizens by providing good healthcare services. It assesses Nigeria's existing legal frameworks and compares it with international frameworks. The study investigates the domestic legal landscape including the Nigerian constitution legislation, policies and programs related to healthcare services, highlighting the gaps and challenges in realizing the rights to adequate compensation with proof of negligence. This project undertakes a comprehensive legal analysis of the rights of patients. The paper compared the medical negligence jurisprudence in Nigeria and the United States of America with particular reference to the state of Texas. This research employs the doctrinal method of research which would be anchored on primary and secondary information such as journals, textbooks, dictionaries, literature and other internet sources commentaries. It was hereafter discovered that the medical negligence jurisprudence in Texas is robust, structured, and well-defined compared to what is obtainable in Nigeria. The study highlights the need for legal reforms to strengthen patient's rights, enhance accountability, improve compensation mechanisms and provide more effective legal responses to medical malpractice in Nigeria while using other countries as example. Medical practice usually involves different activities which,if not professionally handled,may give rise to liabilities on the part of the medical practitioner. These liabilities may arise in tortious claims and in some other cases,may go beyond the realm of civil liabilities to criminal liabilities.

Background: Standard precautions are essential infection prevention and control measures used to reduce healthcare associated infections and occupational exposure among healthcare workers. Inadequate compliance with standard precautions remains a major public health concern in many healthcare facilities, particularly in resource‑limited settings. Aim: This study assessed and compared adherence to standard precautions among healthcare workers in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital and identified determinants influencing compliance. Methods: A descriptive cross‑sectional study was conducted among 370 healthcare workers (doctors and nurses) in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Data was collected using a structured self‑administered questionnaire. Knowledge and Adherence was assessed using standardized questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27. Descriptive statistics, chi‑square tests and logistic regression analysis were used for analysis. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of respondents was 35.10 +/- 8.03 for doctors - who constituted 53.8% of the total population and 36.18 +/- 11.01 for nurses. The majority of respondents demonstrated good knowledge of standard precaution however doctors displayed a higher level of knowledge compared to nurses and the difference was statistically significant (48.6% and 37.6% respectively, p=0.01 ). Predictors of good knowledge were the male gender and doctors with males being less likely to have good knowledge (Odds Ratio= 0.210, C.I: 0.055 -0.799, p=0.022) and doctors being 2 times more likely to have good knowledge (Odds Ratio= 9.030, C.I: 2.342- 34.813, p=0.001). Hand hygiene and sharps disposal practices xvi recorded higher compliance levels compared with the use of protective eye goggles and face shields. Significantly more nurses 91(25.3%) always practiced hand hygiene before touching a patient compared to doctors 69(19.2%). The difference was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Respondents who previously attended infection prevention training demonstrated better compliance compared with those without training. There were no statistically significant predictors of compliance for doctors and nurses. Conclusion: Although healthcare workers demonstrated moderate to good knowledge and compliance with standard precautions, important gaps still exist. Continuous infection prevention training, improved institutional support and adequate provision of personal protective equipment are recommended to improve adherence to standard precautions among healthcare workers in UBTH

This comparative study investigated the effects of preservative and preservative-free artificial tears on tear stability among dry eye patients. The participants completed the OSDI questionnaire to determine their subjective observations. A randomized controlled trial was used to group the participants. Tear film stability was assessed using fluorescein invasive tear break-up time (FTBUT), Schirmer’s test was carried out to determine the tear flow rate, the results were compared between the two groups. The results showed that the mean values for TBUT for Hypromellose were 6.25 ± 0.33 before and 6.75 ± 0.31seconds after, for Refresh was 6.40 ± 0.40 before and 7.55 ± 0.42 seconds after. Also, the mean values for TFR for Hypromellose were 8.36 ± 0.50 before and 8.61 ± 0.50 seconds after, for refresh was 9.69 ± 0.54 before and 10.05 ± 0.55 after seconds. The results obtained were analyzed using the SSPS 22.0. T-test and one- way ANOVA were used to compare the mean FTBUT and TFR values between both groups, the p values were 0.64 and 0.68 respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the tear film stability and tear flow rate between both groups after four weeks (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study showed that there was no notable difference between preservative artificial tears and preservative-free artificial tears on tear film stability and tear flow rate. It is recommended that clinicians can confidently recommend both preservative and preservative-free artificial tears as effective management options for dry eye. KEYWORDS: Dry eye syndrome, Artificial tears, Preservative, TBUT

Comparative Performance analysis of Selected Working Fluids in a low temperature organic RankineCycle forWasteHeatrecoveryApplication. The global imperative to improve energy efficiency necessitates the effective recovery of low- gradewast heat,achallengeperfectlyaddressedbytheorganicRankineCycle (ORC)technology. This project undertakes a comprehensive comparative analysis of selected candidate organic
working fluids – including Ethanol, Toluene, Cyclopentane, R245fa, R1233zd(E) and R152a, drawn fromthe categories ofdry,wet andisentropic fluids,withina low temperatureORCsystem designed for industrial waste heat recovery. The primary goal isto identify the optimal fluid that maximizesthermodynamic performance under a specified heatsource temperature (e.g 206 0Cto 123.70C). A thermodynamic model was developed to simulate the cycle’s performance. The selected fluids areevaluatedagainstkeymetricssuchasnetworkandthermal efficiency. Initial simulation results reveal significant variability in cycle performance, depending on the fluid’s criticaltemperature,boilingpointandcondensationtemperatures andpressures. The findings provide a data driven basisforselecting aworking fluid that not only achieves higher power generation but also minimizes system’s complexity and investment cost, thereby acceleratingthedeploymentofsustainablelowtemperaturewasteheatrecoverysystems

This study investigates the phytochemical compositiopn and antimicrobial potential of Justicia carnea root extracts. The research aims to evaluate the presence of key bioactive compounds and assess their efficacy against selected pathogenic microorganisms. Standard laboratory techniques were employed for phytochemical screening and antimicrobial testing using various solvent extractsq. Results revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, indicating the plant’s rich medicinal value. The extracts exhibited notable inhibitory effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. These findings support the traditional use of Justicia carnea in herbal medicine and highlight its potential as a source of natural therapeutic agents.

Time series data consists of information collected over time, often at regular intervals, which can quickly accumulate in large volumes. To analyze and present this data effectively, it needs to be stored in a way that is easy to access. Database Management Systems (DBMSs) are commonly used for this purpose. There are various types of DBMSs, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages that involves different trade-offs regarding their features. In this study, we compare the performance of two different DBMSs for managing time series data. The first is PostgreSQL, a widely used relational DBMS enhanced by the Timescale DB extension designed for time series. The second is Mongo DB, a leading NoSQL system that offers built-in support for time series data. Investigation was made to ascertain which of these DBMS is better suited for time series data by analyzing their query execution times. Two databases were setup using sample time series dataspecifically, publicly available weather. A series of test queries were conducted simulate real world scenarios and measure their execution times The results are analyzed on a query-by-query basis to highlight performance between two systems, with PostgreSQL outperforming MongoDB on some queries (by over two orders of magnitude) while MongoDB was faster on others (by more than 30 times in one case). It was concluded that certain queries and their related real-world applications may favor one DBMS over the other, based on how well the query structure aligns with the system’s strength. Additional factor was discussed that may affect each DBMSs query execution efficiency and consider potential improvements.

This study examined a comparative analysis of parenting styles and their impact on
academic performance of senior secondary school students in Ovia North-East Local
Government Area of Edo State. The population comprised of all senior secondary school
students in Ovia North-East, while a sample of 300 students was selected using simple
random sampling technique. The research aimed to determine how different parenting
styles namely, authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful, influence students’ academic achievements. The study employed a quantitative descriptive survey design to
examine the impact of different parenting styles on students’ academic performance. A
structured questionnaire was used to gather data from respondents categorized according
to four major parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. The findings revealed that students raised under authoritative parenting recorded the highest level of academic performance of (60%), followed by students raised under authoritarian parenting (44.7%). In contrast, permissive and neglectful parenting styles
produced fewer students with high academic achievement recording 31.6% and 20%
respectively. Students raised under neglectful or uninvolved parenting styles recoded the
highest percentage of low academic performance (33.3%), which implies that students
with minimal or no parental guidance or support are prone to poor academic performance. The computed Chi-square (χ²) value of 43.2 with 6 degrees of freedom at the 0.05 level of significance indicated a significant relationship between parenting style and students’ academic performance. The study concludes that the authoritative parenting style has the most positive influence on students’ academic achievement and recommends that parents adopt a balanced, supportive, and communicative approach to child-rearing to enhance
their children’s educational outcomes