This study examined Contemporary Influence on Benin Traditional Mode of Dressing: A
Study Of Benin Traditional Marriages Ceremony. The objectives of the study were to
find out the modes of dressing of the Benin people, examine the symbolic meaning of
Benin traditional mode of dressing in contemporary times, as well as the contemporary
influences of Benin traditional marriage of dressing, and to study the impact of
contemporary dressing in the traditions of the Benin People. The problem the study
sought to investigate was the importance of Benin traditional dress in marriage ceremony, symbolic meanings Benin traditional dresses portray as well as how the contemporary
ways of dressing in traditional Benin ceremony reflect the people’s cultural identity. The
research method adopted in carrying out this study is the qualitative method of research. Pictorial representation of bride and groom’s costumes as well s their respective parents
were presented and analyzed respectively. Findings reveal that costumes communicate
meanings and beauty of the Benin people. It reflects their social status, cultural heritage, occasion/event as well as sex. It also reveals that in the traditional marriage ceremony of
the Benin people, the bride and groom as well as their parents wear costumes to identify
their respective roles in the marriage ceremony. Based on the findings it was
recommended that the family being the bedrock of every individual should inculcate the
value of one’s cultural heritage into a child so that when he/she grows, he/she will
remember their root and preserve their cultural heritage and also encourage them to
always remember their identity no matter the height they have attained in life. It is also
proposed by this researcher that parents should start very early with their children in the
aspect of appreciating their culture by always wearing them traditional costumes in
special events and also teaching them the core cultural values of their culture so that the
people’s culture will not go into extinction.

The study examined the influence of carbon footprint on Economic Growth (EG) of selected
African countries. Quarterly time series data and panel data of five (5) African countries from
1980 to 2023 were sourced from the World Bank Development Index (WBDI) database. Statistical techniques of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, stationarity test, cointegration test, Error Correction Model (ECM) and panel Vector Error Correction Model
(VECM) were employed to analyse the data. Findings show that four (4) out of five countries
traded-off Economic Growth to reduce carbon emissions in the long run. Thus, EKC
(Environmental Kuznet Curve) proposition is confirmed in these countries (Nigeria, Algeria, Libya, and Egypt). Also, electricity consumption, human capital, and trade openness are
significant channels via which renewable energy technology may affect the countries’ Economic Growth, although in different magnitude. In Africa, Economic Growth must be
traded-off in the long run to reduce the quantum of consumption carbon emission (CO2) in
the long run. Only trade openness is identified as a significant conduit via which renewable
energy technology impact the region’s Economic Growth. From the foregoing analysis, the
study concludes that better EKC hypothesis practice and favourable trade openness is a useful
tool for preventing environmental degradation process and promoting economic growth and
development in Africa.

The aim of the study was to investigate knowledge, attitude and practice of
contraceptives among undergraduates in university of Benin, Benin city, to make
it possible, the study investigate
Descriptive survey research design was adopted to accomplish the
objectives of the study. The population of the study consists of all fourty four
thousand, six hundred and ninety-nine (44,699) undergraduates in university of
Benin and the sample size of 300 undergraduate was used in the study. The
instrument for data collection was the questionnaire developed by the researcher
and was validated by the researcher’s supervisor and two other experts from the
Department of Health, Safety and Environmental Education. The reliability
coefficient was 0.81 was obtained using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation
Co-efficient (PPMCC). The data collected were analyzed statistically using the
statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) software. The study discovered that majority of the respondents had high level of
knowledge of what contraception is and had practice the use of
contraception. The result also revealed that they are high proportion of
sexual practice among the respondent and that there is a significant
relationship between the attitudes of undergraduate towards contraceptive
influence contraceptive use among undergraduate of university of Benin. The study recommend that university authority should provide adolescent health
clinics which will provide students with counseling on sex related matters and also
provide easily accessible contraceptive services where the need arises. And that
enlightenment of students on the dangers and consequences of unprotected sex. The commonest source of information for the students, which is the social media, should be exploited and utilized in disseminating this information. However, total
abstinence should be encouraged among all students.

The study investigated factors associated with the mass failure of students in
English Language in secondary schools in Ovia North East Local Government
Area of Edo State. The design adopted for this study was the descriptive survey
research design. Three research questions were raised to guide this study: What
ways do teachers and schools contribute to students’ failure in English
Language? Are parents responsible in any way to students’ mass failure in
English Language in the area of study? Does the social media have any impact
on the study habits of students?
The population of the study consisted of all the nineteen (19) secondary schools
in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State. A sample size of one
hundred (100) respondents was drawn using the simple random sampling
technique. The data retrieved from respondents were analyzed by the use of a
computer software statistical tool (SPSS). Results after analysis were presented
on tables using Percentages, Frequency and Mean. The study revealed that most schools do not have qualified teachers, also the
school environment of some schools are not condusive for learning as well as
the lack of use of instructional materials to teach students. The study therefore
recommended that schools should ensure they employ teachers who have the
necessary qualifications to teach English Language in schools. Also, it was
recommended that schools should ensure they renovate and maintain school
infrastructures and rebuild old ones. Also, it was recommended that schools
should purchase instructional materials for teaching, and improvise for the ones
too expensive or unavailable for purchase

This study, which evaluated NIGERIA YOUTHS PERCEPTION TOWARDS ENDSARSPROTEST AS A TOOL OF INFLUENCING THIER BEHAVIOR TOWARDSTHEGOVERNMENT AND AUTHORITIES. A CASE STUDY ON EDO STATE, BENINCITY. Thesurvey design was adopted, witha 9-item questionnaire to elicit data from384 respondentsselected from the total population of 657,951 youth in Benin city through purposive samplingtechnique. Data obtained were presented and analyzed with the aid of frequency tables andsimple percentages. Findings revealed that the youths positive response to the ENDSARSprotest
is that the protest crated a platform for revolution as young people are now able to voicetheirdemand Also, the study shows the negative response of youths towards ENDSARS protest whichstates that the crisis has deepened the trust in political holders of ice by citizens. It is conclusiveto say that ENDSARS protest have reformed the people no Nigeria in fighting for their rights forfreedom. It has shown to what extent how what damage has been done to youths and howsucheverlasting practices form the police has af ected how youths relate with authorities

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that can be found on many
surfaces including grasses that are often consumed by ruminants. It was therefore
hypothesized that bacteria in the intestine of cow may have the potential to degrade PAHs. The aim of the study was to isolate PAH(s) degrading organisms from the large intestine of
cows. Bacteria were isolated from the intestinal chyme of the large intestine of a healthy cow
collected at the point of slaughter by serial dilution/direct plating and enrichment methods. Physicochemical parameters including; pH, temperature, moisture content, total solids, volatile solids and total suspended solids were analysed. The isolates were identified by
standard microbiological test protocol (Gram reaction and biochemical tests) and screened for
PAH degradation potential using the 2-6 dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) redox dye, quantified by a UV_VIS spectrophotometer. The identity of the two isolates with the highest
PAH degradation capacity after preliminary degradation tests, was confirmed following
API20e tests analysis and 16S rRNA molecular analysis. The two isolates were used to
inoculate carbon free Bushnell Haas medium containing the PAHs in single and combined
cultures for the degradation tests. Samples were withdrawn at intervals of three days and
analyzed for bacterial growth, pH, temperature, BOD, COD and changes in the concentration
of the PAHs for 16 days. The optimum temperature, pH, concentration and nutrient
supplementation for efficient degradation was analyzed following standard protocol and genes
responsible for degradation identified. The two test isolates selected after screening and identification were Escherichia coli and
Klebsiella pneumoniae. HPLC/GCMS analyses showed that the concentration of
Benzo[a]Pyrene declined by 84.8%, 91.04% and 96.44% by E. coli, K. pnuemoniae and a
combination of both respectively after 16 days. The reduction in pyrene concentration was
89.36%, 90.98% and 97.76% after exposure to E. coli, K. puemoniae and a combination of
both respectively while the decline of floranthene concentration stood at 86.4%, 90.3% and
92.3.7% after similar exposure to the test bacteria. ANOVA confirmed significant differences
in the extent of the degradation of the PAHs by the test bacteria and their combined cultures
(P<0.05). The growth of the isolates combined peaked at 1.98 log cfu/ml between days 10 and
XX
XXI
13 during degradation of BaP. With respect to pyrene, it peaked at day thirteen
with a log cfu value of 2.86 while in medium containing floranthene day 13 with a log cfu
value of 3.23. The pH of medium adjusted to 7.0 declined in the three mediums with the least
pH value for BaP, Pyrene and Flouranthene being 6.5, 6.6 and 6.7 respectively during
degradation of the PAHs. Phthalate was the major degradation product in the course of
degradation of the PAHs. The optimum temperature and pH conditions for the degradation of
the PAHs was 35°C and pH 7, respectively while PAHs ≥ 1000 mg inhibited the growth of the
test bacteria. Application of fertilizer (NPK) enhanced growth of the test bacteria and
degradation of the PAHs. The genes associated with the degradation of PAHs in E. coli and K. pneumoniae were found to be alkane monooxygenase (alkB), Napthalene dioxygenase
(NahAC) and Catechol dioxygenase (C230). It can be concluded that the intestine of Bos tarus
harbor strains of bacteria that are capable of a high degree of degradation of PAHs; and that
the consortium of the bacterial strains can be potentially useful for bioremediation of PAH- polluted environment.

This study examined the factors influencing teaching and learning of
mathematics in senior secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to determine the extent to which :the perception of teachers, the methodology of teachers shortage of instructional material, and shortage of qualified teachers, influenced the teaching and learning of Mathematics secondary school. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population of study comprised of all the 565 (five hundred and sixty five) Mathematics teachers in the sixteen (16) public secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area The study adopted the simple random sampling technique in selecting 28 (twenty eight) Mathematics teachers from five randomly selected schools. A structured questionnaire titled: Factors influencing the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics Questionnaire (MAFTQ) was used for data collection. To analyze the data collected, the research questions were answered using descriptive statistics such as simple mean and standard deviation. The results indicated that the perception of the teachers influences the teaching and learning of Mathematics, teachers’ Methodology influences the teaching and learn of Mathematics, Inadequacy Instructional Facilities affects the teaching and learning of Mathematics, Inadequacy of qualified teachers influences the teaching and learning of Mathematics in secondary schools. Based on the results of this study, it was recommended that: There should be adoption of learner centered methods by teachers to accelerate the stimulation and retention of learners interest in the teaching and learning process thereby enhancing students comprehension of concept taught in class, There is need for government and other stakeholders in the education industry to regularly and periodically organize in-service seminars for teachers to be adequately equipped with skills to impart knowledge to students to assimilate Mathematics topics, Government should increase her annual budgetary allocation to secondary school education to facilitate the procurement of instructional resources in the teaching of Mathematics in secondary schools. There should be regular and periodic training of Mathematics teachers to adequately equip them and to keep abreast with modern instructional strategies in the teaching of the subject as it would facilitate an enhancement in the quality of the instructional delivery inherent in the subject.

This chapter concludes this work. It ties up all the major points in the previous chapters relating to the impact of change and continuity in Urhobo traditional marriage with case study of Ughelli Chiefdom.

The evidence from the study of the area of Urhobo marriage system and to examine the rationale of the changing role of traditional marriage system in Urhobo sub-ethnic group. The study indicates that a woman whose bride price has been paid is treated differently especially, when a situation arises from another woman who just packed in with a man. For example, respect is accorded to a woman who was married properly whereas a woman who just moved into a man’s house is treated with little or no respect by the man’s family. This is why every parent wants his/her daughter to be properly married is central concern of this research.

From the observation of this research marriage activities in Ughelli were well managed and elaborate, as it served the people well by helping to keep them united, stable and creating a sort of prosperity that made a remarkable Urhobo tradition in Ughelli which also inspired her neighbors.

ABSTRACT
This research gives attention to the non-energy use of Lignite samples collected from
Ohordua town of Edo State and Azagba-Ogwashi in Delta State. A total of six composite
Lignite samples,from ten sampled points were subjected to analytical study, with a view to
determining their humic content and properties for use in soil beneficiation and
conditioning.Proximate and Ultimate analytical technique was used to characterize the
lignite from which humic acid was extracted under alkaline condition, and precipitated using
acidic medium of 6M HCl.X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence analytical methods
were employed to determine the mineralogical and elemental composition of the samples
respectively,while Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy was used for organic characterization of
the humic acid.Proximate analyses of the Lignite show percentage composition of Ohordua
and Azagba-Ogwashi Lignite respectively,Fixed Carbon (65.22 wt% and
67.16wt%),Moisture Content (26 wt% and 25.4wt%) and Ash (5.02 wt% and 4.5
wt%).Ultimate analyses shows Hydrogen (6.60 wt% and 6.22wt%), Nitrogen (1.34 wt% and
1.19wt%,) Sulphur (0.77 wt% and 0.70wt%), Oxygen (26.07 wt% and 24.73 wt%), for
Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi respectively.The analytical results suggest the existing lignite
with varying thickness is of Lignite rank. The Ultimate analyses of the extracted Humic acid
show Carbon (57.5wt% and 55.8wt%)%, Hydrogen (5.1 wt% and 3.9wt%), Nitrogen (2.5
wt% and 1.1wt%), Sulphur (Nil and 0.3wt%) and Oxygen (34.9 wt% and 38.9wt%,) for
Ohordua and Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively.The mineralogical composition in the lignite
samples shows Kaolinite was the main clay mineral identified. Non clay minerals such as
anorthite, drierite, yeelimite, spurite, belite, wollastonite, hematite, pyrite, bauxite and quartz
were detected.For Ultra-Violent visible spectroscopy characterization of the Humic Acid, E2/E3 and E4/E6 absorption values for Ohordua (21.69 and 4.50) respectively, while Azagba- Ogwashi reveal (19.39 and 4.6) respectively. The humic substance has percentage aromaticity
values of 33.90% and 34.06%, total acidity has 10.4% and 10.1%, COOH has 3.4% and 3.3%, Phenolic has 7.0% and 6.8% and acidity ratio has 0.49% and 0.48%, for Ohordua and
Azagba-Ogwashi, respectively which depicts the Humic Acid has a high degree of
Humification and a very good total acidity ratio. Results from this research indicate that the
Lignite from both locations are similar in geochemistry, mineralogy and organic properties. Although,humification is high in both samples, Ohordua Lignite with lesser aromaticity and
E4/E6 ratio, higher E2/E3 ratio and higher acidity ratio is more suitable for soil beneficiation
and conditioning than that of Azagba-Ogwashi.

In Nigeria, agricultural practices remain largely unattractive to people, especially
the youths for various reasons which include; low returns on time and input
investments, limited access to land, low investments in infrastructure necessary for
efficient value chain. Hence, the need to boost agricultural productivity has
become a major topic of discourse among development institutions. This study
accessed the involvement of youths in soilless farming in Ogun State, Nigeria. The
specific objectives are to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of youths
involved in soilless farming, to examine the factors that influence youths’
involvement in soilless farming, to ascertain the youths’ attitude towards soilless
agriculture technology, to examine the benefits of soilless farming to the youths
involved, investigate the challenges hindering the full engagement of youths in
soilless farming. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select a total of 102 respondents for
the study and primary data was collected with the use of questionnaire and results
were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The mean age of respondents was the ages of the respondents showed that the
majority of the respondents were between the ages of 23 – 27 years, 59% were
males, 41% were females. 84% were single, while 15% were married. Also, 72% had tertiary education. 62% of the respondents earned #50,000 naira or
less per month, while 27% of the respondents earned between #50,000 to
#100,000 naira. Furthermore, 93% of the respondents noted that they would
recommend soilless farming to other young people. Finance 50% and
environmental factors 30.4% were major factors hindering respondents full
engagement. In addition, the result revealed that respondents’ attitudes towards soilless farming
have a positive relationship towards the socioeconomic characteristics (age
XI
(r=0.882), sex (r=0.820), marital status (r=0.560), education (r=0.790), course
studied (r=0.849), farm name (r=0.783), position at work (r=0.869), duration of
involvement (r=0.854) and income (r=0.849)). In conclusion, youth involvement in soilless agriculture is low and can be
improved upon through trainings, publicity and government investment in public
orientation and the benefits of practicing soilless farming.