2023

This research is concerned with neutrino physics in general, and specifically with neutrino mixing and oscillations. Neutrinos are massless in the standard model of particle physics, so they do not mix or oscillate. However, many experimental results now appear to support neutrino oscillations, necessitating the extension of the standard model to include neutrino masses and mixing among different neutrino flavors. In calculating the probability of electron neutrino oscillating into muon neutrino, the model equation below was used: � �� → �� = 𝑠� 2 2�13 𝑠� 2 �23 𝑠� 2 1.27∆�2 2 3 �� 2 � �� � ��� The probability was calculated using the model equation by taking arbitrary values for L/E ranging from 100-10000, using the Microsoft excel spreadsheet. The value of the probability varies between 0.093-0.24 and a graph of probability, P against ranging values of L/E was also plotted using the Microsoft excel spreadsheet. The probability of a neutrino changing type is related to the distance travelled by the neutrino from its point of production to its point of detection. As a general rule, neutrinos travelling greater distances will exhibit greater depletion from oscillation. Moreover, the oscillation varies smoothly over increasing distance.

Traditional medicine encompasses manual therapies, exercises, and spiritual therapies in addition to medical therapies, theories, and practices that involve medications derived from plants, animals, and minerals. This investigation aims to assess the ability of Azanza garckeana in treating diarrhea in Swiss mice. Castor oil-induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal transit models in mice were used to assess the antidiarrheal effects of various dosages of the plant extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). According to the study’s findings, the extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced both the frequency of wet feces being defecated and the amount of feces produced overall when compared to the control group. In comparison to the untreated control, the extract triggered a substantial (p < 0.05) antimotility activity at higher doses. In conclusion, this study validated the ethnomedicinal report of Azanza garckeana as an efficacious anti-diarrhoea property, thereby required further study for compound elucidation and evaluation

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have been investigated for their great antimicrobial effect against multiple pathogens. Bacterial pathogens used for this research were isolated from African black soap samples and characterized using the phenotypic method. The antibacterial activity of biologically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) against the isolates; Pseudomonas amygdali 35-1 CP084212, Micrococcus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated in-vitro. Nanoparticle treatments were applied at different concentrations (25%, 50%, and 100%) and an antibacterial agent Ampicillin was used as a control. The zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters. ZnONPs at all concentrations had insignificant inhibitory effect on Micrococcus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus (p>0.05) compared to the control. However, ZnONPs (100%) demonstrated significantly higher inhibitory activity on Pseudomonas amygdali 35-1 CP084212 (p<0.05) compared to the control. The zones of inhibition ranged from 3.33 ± 0.54 to 18.00 ± 0.94 mm while the zones of inhibition for the control were 6.33 ± 1.09 mm (Pseudomonas amygdali 35-1 CP084212), 18.67 ± 1.09 mm (Micrococcus sp.) and 16.00 ± 4.10 (Staphylococcus aureus). The findings obtained from this investigation demonstrated the antimicrobial efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles against the selected bacterial isolates.

The objective of this research was to investigate the function of radio in disseminating culture within the context of Nigeria. This paper presents a case study focusing on Benin City, located in the Edo State of Nigeria. The research aimed to evaluate the extent to which radio disseminates culture and the effects it has on the population in Benin City. The research was grounded on the theoretical frameworks of cultural norms theory and social responsibility media theory. The survey approach was used, with the questionnaire serving as the tool for collecting replies. The study's results indicate that radio stations have a significant role in disseminating the cultural values of the Benin population via their cultural and news programming. The researcher so suggests that radio broadcasting should persist in its efforts to uphold cultural values by delivering news and programs in local languages. Additionally, individuals are encouraged to actively engage with cultural programming on the radio.

The objective of this research was to investigate the function of radio in disseminating culture within the context of Nigeria. This paper presents a case study focusing on Benin City, located in the Edo State of Nigeria. The research aimed to evaluate the extent to which radio disseminates culture and the effects it has on the population in Benin City. The research was grounded on the theoretical frameworks of cultural norms theory and social responsibility media theory. The survey approach was used, with the questionnaire serving as the tool for collecting replies. The study's results indicate that radio stations have a significant role in disseminating the cultural values of the Benin population via their cultural and news programming. The researcher so suggests that radio broadcasting should persist in its efforts to uphold cultural values by delivering news and programs in local languages. Additionally, individuals are encouraged to actively engage with cultural programming on the radio.

This research focuses on the socio-semantic analysis on belief of preordained names in Yoruba. It explores the values, interpretation and how these names are considered to influence its bearers in the society. This help understand the deeper meanings of these names, which not only serve as a label but embody cultural and historical context. The study adopted sociolinguistics theory adopted and embraced by many scholars such as William Labov and Dell Hymes for the description and analysis of the data. This study used both the primary and secondary method of data collection. The primary method of data collection was used my oral interview and telephone calls from Yoruba informants of 35-60 years age range. The secondary method of data collection was used through watching of different YouTube videos by elderly Yoruba speakers. This study arranged the preordained names into five classes for better understanding and analysed the names showing the beliefs, values of Yoruba people. The study addressed 3 main objectives, the first was grouping the preordained names into 5 categories: Lastly future research on preordained names could be the exploration of the impact of globalization and cultural exchange on naming practices. This could involve studying how names are influenced by cross-cultural interactions, migration, and the adoption of names from different languages and cultures.

Isoniazid is a widely used drug in tuberculosis treatment regimens. Its application in direct observed therapy short course ”(DOTS) along with other medications has been well documented to be efficacious and effective. However, since its introduction over 70 years ago, it has been found to possess adverse effects as the induction of neuropathies. There are estimates that as many as 10 % of patients receiving isoniazid will develop some form of neuropathy. Introduction of new medications to stop these neuropathies still pose a challenge. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is currently recommended with isoniazid therapy to avert induction of neuropathy. Although ,the potential of vitamin C as an antioxidant to prevent induced neuropathies has been suggested based on previous studies, the findings from this study were intended to contribute valuable insights into the potential therapeutic role of vitamin C as an adjuvant to mitigate neuropathic complications in isoniazid- based therapies. Using well-established animal models, we assessed the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the development and progression of some neuropathic symptoms induced by isoniazid administration. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control, isoniazid-treated (800 mg/kg), and combination-treated; Isoniazid with vitamin C in low (7.5 mg/kg), medium (15 mg/kg), high (30 mg/kg) daily doses and isoniazid with pyridoxine (50 mg/kg). Behavioural assessments, including sensory and motor function tests, were conducted at the end of a seven day period to monitor the onset and severity of neuropathy. In conclusion, our findings revealed that isoniazid administration led to a significant decline in sensory and motor functions indicative of peripheral nerve damage. Vitamin C supplementation did not demonstrate a remarkable attenuation of these neuropathic manifestations. Rats co- administered with isoniazid and vitamin C did not exhibit any improvement in sensory and motor functions when compared with the control and standard therapy of pyridoxine. These results negate the potential neuroprotective effects of vitamin C against isoniazid-induced peripheral neuropathy

This research undertakes a comprehensive statistical analysis of Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) spanning a decade, with a focus on estimating Autoregressive (AR) models using two prominent statistical methods: the Yule-Walker method and the Least Squares method. The study aims to provide statistical insights into the underlying dynamics of Nigeria's economic performance during this period. The research commences by delineating the statistical framework of ARmodels, which offer a statistical representation of a time series based on its past values. Subsequently, the Yule-Walker method is introduced, a statistical technique leveraging autocorrelation functions to estimate AR model parameters. The statistical properties of Yule-Walker estimators are elucidated in the context of Nigeria's GDP data. In contrast, the Least Squares method is presented as an alternative statistical approach, characterized by its objective to minimize the sum of squared prediction errors. A statistical framework for the least squares estimators is outlined, providing insights into the statistical properties of parameter estimates and their significance in explaining variations in Nigeria's GDP. The core of the research involves the statistical analysis of Nigeria's GDP time series data over the 10-year period. Both the Yule-Walker and Least Squares methods are applied to estimate AR models tailored to the GDP data. The statistical comparison is based on goodness-of-fit statistics, such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), to evaluate the models' adequacy in capturing the statistical patterns within the GDP dataset.

The idea indiscipline is considered as a conduct that without delay defines the individual of a individual. Within the society, indiscipline is a product of unacceptable values that an character subscribes or carry out to which regulates his or her conduct and family members with others. It is also recommended that there are appropriate behaviors, proper ethical and social behavior which can be exhibited by using contributors of the society. However, behaviors that does not
conform to those general standards or values inside the society or any social organization can be appeared as in strength of will strength of mind. In the context of schooling particularly secondary schools machine. Indiscipline is seen as a detail of bad behavior. It is an action in opposition to set up set of guidelines administered to college students for smooth getting to know. The guidelines and regulation set in maximum secondary faculties cover As inclusive of dress code, timekeeping, faculty agenda and social conduct. It is anticipated that violation of the policies constitutes in willpower which may quantity to punishment. Percent (2007) assert that
numerous behavioral issues like stealing, violence, drug abuse, exam malpractice, sexual abuse constitutes indiscipline of will in faculties

his study aimed at appraising the availability and utilization of learning resources in adult literacy centres in the Ovia-North Local Government Area of Edo state. To enable the study to achieve its objectives, five (5) research questions were raised. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of this study will comprise all adult learners in all the literacy centres in Ovia-North Local Government Area of Edo State from which a total of one hundred and fifty (150) are selected to form the sample size for the study. Two research instruments; a checklist and questionnaire titled Questionnaire the availability and utilization of learning resources in adult literacy centres in Ovia-North Local Government Area of Edo state were the instruments used for data collection. The validity of the instrument was ascertained through the expert judgment approach while the test re-test method of estimating reliability was used to determine the reliability of the instrument. A reliability index of 0.76 was obtained using Person Product Moment Correlation Statistics. Collected data were analyzed using frequency count, simple percentage, and mean score standard. Findings from the study revealed that Charts, Posters, Projectors, Public Address Systems, Flash Cards, Primers, Facilitators, Classrooms, Writing / Bulletin boards, Tables and Chairs, Computers and Libraries are the learning resources used for adult literacy learning programmes. Also, facilitators in the literacy centres in the Ovia-North Local Government Area of Edo State have been able to effectively use charts in teaching adult Learners; properly and often used Posters in teaching in class; efficiently utilized Public Address Systems in a literacy class to amplify voice; judiciously utilized Flash Cards in an adult class to help teach alphabets and numbers and have effectively utilized the classroom environment to manage adult learner’s learning process, among others. From the findings of the study, recommendations were proffered which among others included that there is a need for the government to help provide learning resources in literacy centres in the state. This will help to enhance the quality of teaching and learning activities in an adult class