Emulsion paints are widely used for decorative and protective purposes but are susceptible to fungal degradation, particularly in tropical climates with high humidity. This study investigated the degradation of emulsion paint using fungal isolates (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium species) under controlled laboratory conditions. The fungi were inoculated into mineral salt medium supplemented with 5% commercial white emulsion paint as the sole carbon source and incubated at room temperature (25–28°C) for seven days. Four experimental setups were established: Flask A (Aspergillus niger), Flask B (Penicillium sp.), Flask AB (mixed culture), and a control flask. Fungal growth was monitored using serial dilution and pour plate techniques on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), while physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, and optical density at 600 nm) were measured at regular intervals. Results revealed that Penicillium sp. achieved the highest final population of 2.75 ×10⁶ CFU/ml and optical density of 50.9, indicating superior paint degradation capability. Aspergillus niger demonstrated the highest percentage growth rate of 1,328.6%, increasing from 3.5 × 10⁴ CFU/ml to 5.0 × 10⁵ CFU/ml between Day 3 and Day 7. The mixed culture yielded 1.50 × 10⁶ CFU/ml with a growth rate of 1,053.8%, showing no significant synergistic effect. pH fluctuations, particularly acidification to pH 5.1 in single species flasks, suggested organic acid production during metabolism, facilitating enzymatic breakdown of polymeric paint components. These findings highlight the ecological significance of fungi in paint deterioration and emphasize the need for antifungal additives in paint formulations, routine maintenance, and environmental control measures to mitigate microbial colonization in humid tropical environments

Marine pollution is an escalating issue, particularly in shipping operations, where factors suchas oil spills, ballast water discharge, and plastic waste pose serious threats to marine ecosystems and global trade. This study seeks to assess the impact of marine pollutiononboth shipping operations and the marine environment, offering insights into its root causes, consequences, and potential solutions. This thesis describes the nature of marine pollution, its key sources and their effects whichbrings to light the escalating pollution problem and its consequences on marine biodiversity, fisheries, the economic viability of coastal communities and shipping operations. It highlightsthe regulatory measures such as Marine Pollution (MARPOL) and the Ballast WaterManagement Convention. The research methodology employs a descriptive survey design that gathers data frommarineengineers, ship operators, port officials and environmental officers. These findings areusedto propose solutions such as stricter enforcement of environmental regulations, adoptionofsustainable fuels and enhanced waste management strategies. This research emphasizes the dire need for industry-wide cooperation to diminish pollution, balance economic interests with environmental sustainability, and ensure the long-termresilience of both shipping operations and marine environment.

The investigation on The Effect of Inadequacy of Science Instructional material on the Academic Performance of Biology Students in Ovia North-East LGA, Edo State, Four (4) research questions served as its guidelines, and it used a descriptive survey study design. It sought to find out how many schools in Ovia North-East LGA will have adequate science instructional materials? Will there be significant effect of instructional materials on the academic performance of science students? Will there be significant effect of instructional materials on students' academic performance in biology based on gender, and on students' academic performance in biology based on the type of school?. The study employed a sample of Biology students in Ovia North-East LGA and a total of (100) respondent which were collected from three public schools and three private schools. The researcher-developed questionnaire titled Questionnaire on the Effect of Inadequacy of Science Instructional Material on the Academic Performance of Students in Biology used as the data collection tool. There are twenty (20) items on the questionnaire. To respond to Research question 1, descriptive statistics such as mean were used while Research question 2-4 which had hypotheses were tested using Chi- square.

Public health and illness prevention depend on having access to clean drinking water andpracticing good hygiene. To determine their effects on community health, the Upper Missioncommunity in Benin City's water quality and cleanliness practices were examined. Onehundred households chosen by multistage sampling were included in the community-basedcross-sectional design. To investigate water sources, storage procedures, treatment techniques, and hygiene practices, structured questionnaires were given out. Additionally, physicochemical and microbiological analyses were performed on 30 drinking water samplesobtained from river sources, sachet water, and boreholes. 89% of households have accesstowater within 100 meters of their homes, with sachet water (52%) and borehole water (41%)serving as the main sources of drinking water. There is a significant gap between accessibilityand safety practices, as 80% of individuals did not purify the water before drinking it. With pH values ranging from 4.6 to 8.0, total dissolved solids between 24 and 136 milligramsper liter, and electrical conductivity between 44 and 219 microsiemens per centimeter, thephysicochemical parameters mostly satisfied WHO requirements. River water had the highest contamination (mean: 202.4×10⁰ colony-forming units per milliliter), followed by boreholewater (79.7×10⁰ colony-forming units per milliliter) and sachet water (43.2×10⁰ colonyforming units per milliliter), according to microbiological analysis, whichfoundheterotrophic bacterial counts ranging from 26×10⁰ to 235×10⁰ colony-forming units permilliliter). River water (mean: 42.6×10⁰ colony-forming units per milliliter) andsomeborehole samples (mean: 24.9×10⁰ colony-forming units per milliliter) had total coliforms, but sachet water did not. Only one sample of river water had Escherichia coli. Although the infrastructure is good, there are notable shortcomings in environmental hygiene, handwashing with soap (34%), and water treatment, with 38% of residences locatedclosetowaste disposal sites. There is an immediate need for improved waste management systems, borehole maintenance, targeted health education initiatives, and increased water qualitymonitoring.

This research work seeks to examine the international response to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa with reference to the Nigeria containment of Ebola Virus. The largest Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in history exploded across West Africa.1 The World Health Organization reported a total of 21,296 Ebola virus disease (EVD) cases, including 13,427 laboratory confirmed EVD cases reported from the three most affected countries Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone in 2014. Nigeria’s first case of EVD was officially announced in July, 2014. In an effort to tackle the Ebola outbreak in Nigeria, the Federal Government, drawing on the experience of the Emergency Operation Centre’s work with polio, declared Ebola a public health emergency and mobilized human, financial and material resources to contain the epidemic. Nigeria was officially declared Ebola free on 20th October 2014.2 However, the current Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) had spread internationally from the DRC into neighbouring Uganda and it ranks as the second deadliest outbreak in history. This ongoing epidemic hereby calls for intensified disease monitoring at the Nigerian border posts, health centers and communities, and a prompt review of preparedness activities in the country to prevent another outbreak.3 It is against this backdrop, that this chapter seeks to examine the international response to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa with reference to the Nigeria containment of Ebola Virus. 8 Ebola virus disease (EVD) was one of the emerging viral diseases listed in the World Health Organization’s International Health Regulation. It was an epidemic and pandemic prone disease. The virus often consumes the population. Ebola virus causes severe disease in humans and in non-human primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fever.4 This viral hemorrhagic fever was one of the most virulent viral diseases known to humankind. Close contact with blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals allows the introduction of EVD into the human population. After an incubation period of about a week, victims rapidly develop high fever, diarrhoea, vomiting, respiratory disorders and haemorrhage. Death ensues within a few days.5 According to World Health Organization, the Ebola virus disease came into Lagos Nigeria on the 20th of July, 2014 through an infected Liberian diplomat, Patrick Sawyer. Patrick Sawyer who was the first index case of an acutely ill traveller had travelled from Liberia via Accra, Ghana, to Lomé, Togo and arrived at the Lagos International Airport on the 20th of July, 2014. Patrick Sawyer was on his way to Calabar, Cross River State, for a conference of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).6 In the departure hall of the Liberian International Airport, Patrick Sawyer was visibly ill, lying on the floor of the departure lounge while awaiting the flight. He vomited during the flight, on arrival at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Lagos and again in the private car that drove him to a private hospital. The Liberian was a 40 year old Diplomat of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), his status allowed air

In the face of rapid urbanization and industrial growth, town planning laws have become essential in addressing environmental pollution in Nigeria. As the country continues to experience a surge in population and infrastructural development, pollution from industries, waste, and inadequate urban planning has escalated, posing significant risks to public health and the environment. Town planning laws are pivotal in regulating how cities and towns are structured, ensuring that environmental protection is prioritized in the design and development of urban spaces. Nigeria, like many other nations, has recognized the importance of establishing strong legal frameworks to tackle environmental pollution resulting from urbanization. The need
for effective town planning regulations stems from the growing concern over environmental degradation caused by unregulated urban sprawl, improper waste disposal, and industrial emissions. These issues have led to various environmental challenges, including air and water pollution, flooding, traffic congestion, recurrent building collapses etc. To address these challenges, various town planning laws have been enacted, including the Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Law, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act National Environmental Standards and Regulations Agency(NESREA) Act, and other regulatory measures. However, the enforcement of these laws has often been inadequate, leading to concerns about their effectiveness in combating pollution. This research will explore the legal framework established by Nigeria’s town planning laws, focusing ontheir significance in managing environmental pollution. It will assess the rights and responsibilities of individuals, businesses, and government agencies in ensuring compliance with these laws, as well as the role of regulatory bodies in monitoring and enforcing them. This research will also examine town planning systems in the UK and USA with a view to drawing insightful lessons from these jurisdictions who are known for their properly structured town planning system

The study was carried out to examine factors affecting the academic performance of students with disabilities in the secondary inclusive school setting. Four research question were formulated to guide the study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for this study. The study population consists of students with disabilities in the secondary inclusive school setting in Ihogbe College Benin City. A total number of 30 students with special needs were used for the study. The instrument for the study was a question on factors affecting the academic performance of students with disabilities in the secondary inclusive school setting FAAPSDSISS. To ensure the reliability of the instrument, the cronbach alpha statistics was used in the study and a co-efficient value of 0.79, 0.70, 0.78, and 0.81 was obtained. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings from analysed data shows that there’s a significant relationship between the academic performance of students with disabilities and the Family background, attitude of the students, availability of school personnel and lastly teaching strategies .Based on the findings, some recommendations were made which include: Provision for properly trained special teacher, proper placement of special teachers, offer guidance and counselling services to students with special needs, appropriate modification of curriculum and teaching strategies

This research work assessed the availability and utilization of E-learning technology in the University of Benin, 100 respondent were sampled, the research was carried out using questionnaire as it’s instrument of data collection in accordance with the specification of the research questions. The validation of the instrument was obtained through scrutiny of the project supervisor and one other lecturers from the department of CIT, the reliability of the instrument was determined through Pearson product moment this yielded a reliability ratio of 0.669, the anlaysis and interpretation of data involved the use of mean and standard deviation to answer the research question. The study revealed that E-learning technologies are available to some extent Biology Students have projectors in their lecture hall for teaching biology. The study revealed the challenges that hinder effective utilization of E learning technologies are poor connectivity and inability to acquire data, power failure. It was recommended amongst others that the E-learning teaching and learning method should be adopted by the school and that all necessary provisions in which constant power supply is a major factor should be made readily and affectively available.

This project presents the design and fabrication of a cost-effective submersible RemotelyOperated Vehicle (ROV) intended for underwater exploration, specifically for lakebed surveysand crack observations. The study aims to develop an affordable, durable, and highly maneuverable ROV using a syringe-actuated buoyancy system, PVC hull construction, andacombination of propellers and pumps for navigation. Unlike conventional ROVs that relysolelyon thrusters, this design integrates a novel buoyancy control mechanism to enhance precisionandstability in shallow water operations. The development process involved conceptualizing the structural framework, selecting appropriate materials, and integrating propulsion, control, and buoyancy systems. The ROVwasfabricated using lightweight and corrosion-resistant materials such as PVC pipes and acrylicplates, ensuring durability and cost efficiency. A single brushless motor provided forwardpropulsion, while four strategically placed syringe-actuated pumps enabled controlled vertical and lateral movement. The prototype underwent rigorous testing to evaluate maneuverability, depth control, and structural integrity. Results demonstrated that the ROV successfully achieved stable and precise movements, makingit an effective tool for underwater inspections. The syringe-actuated buoyancy systemprovidedreliable depth control, although minor delays in response time were noted. While the designproved efficient for shallow-water exploration, enhancements in power efficiency and material optimization are recommended for future iterations. Overall, this project contributes to the advancement of affordable underwater robotics, offering a practical solution for research, environmental monitoring, and industrial applications

This study is a philosophical examination into the problems and challenges of the consequence of confidentiality medical practice. Historically, particularly, with the time of Hippocrates, medical practice began to be seen as an organized profession guided by some ethical rules and norms. Certain conditions were set and required to be met or sustained in the practice of medicine. One of such principles and rules was/is the importance of confidentiality of doctor-patient’s relationship. The principle of
confidentiality admonishes physicians to adhere and maintain the right of keeping patient’s health record(s) secret and that only the patient is expected or allowed to be disclosed with the true nature or status of his or her health situation. In other words, the principle of confidentiality in medical practice argues that doctors are obligated never to disclose the health status of his or her patient to a third party but must always respect the ethical law of confidentiality by ensuring that the health result or report of the patient is been disclose to another person neither to be made available to the general public or to the community. Ironically, keeping to the tenet of this principle or this ethical law appears to be elusive today as there evidences of the violations of this ethical law. There are debates today among ethicists as to whether should this ethical norm be continually
adhered to at all course and in all situations. Some medical practitioners have argued that such ethical norm be abolished; others continued to argue in support of keeping to this norm. In order to argue against or in defense of the practice of confidentiality in medical practice, different moral theories have been employed by different moral philosopher in defense for and against it. Such theories may include Deontologism, Consequentialism, Emotivism, Situationism, and many others. In this study however, the moral theory of situationism was adopted and the study posits that while the ethical norm of confidentiality is plausible, it is however, not without some challenges. Thus, the study concludes that in keeping to the consequence of confidentiality in medical practice, certain situations much be given considerations.