The need for sensory play in promoting fine motor skill in Montessori pupils has proven to be an excellent strategy to improve on the child's learning, as the teachers in Montessori schools strive to give the pupils a quality and more concretised learning experience needed for the proper growth and development of the children. This study was carried out to determine the impact sensory play has in promoting fine motor skill development in Montessori school pupils. Five research questions were used for the study; The study adopted the questionnaire to collect data. The sample for the study was a hundred (100) Montessori school teachers drawn from a total number of ten (10) Montessori schools in Benin City. A frequency distribution, percentage, mean and standard deviation was used to analyze data. It was concluded that sensory play activities along with sensory play materials are important vehicles for the development of fine motor skills. The study recommends that sensory play should be integrated into the classroom learning activities, with the teachers providing for several sensory materials to meet the diverse domains of every pupil, and providing a safe and conducive environment for learning while acting as a guide to the children's learning

The purpose of this research work is to examine the extent to which the selected public secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State utilize quality and adequate instructional materials in classrooms and how this has promoted the academic performance of students.The aims of the study were to find out the extent to which the selected public secondary
in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State utilize quality and adequate instinct materials and how it had promoted academic performance of students, to explore the views of teachers and students on the extent to which instructional materials affects student’s performance and also the challenges that teachers in public secondary schools face in accessing instructional materials. The study employed survey method with questionnaire as a tool to elicit response from the respondents, from a sample size of one hundred and thirty- eight (138) respondents.The following were findings of the study: first, instructional materials are the key to teachers’ and students’ performance. Secondly, most public secondary schools in Egor local government Area of Edo state suffer shortage of essential teaching and learning materials. Thirdly, the study revealed that teachers used different strategies to minimize the challenges of attaining and using quality instructional materials like borrowing books and improvation.

This study examined the impact of ethnic politics on voter apathy and behavior during the 2023 presidential election in Edo State, Nigeria. Guided by four key objectives, the study assessed the influence of ethnic loyalty, ethnic leaders, perceived marginalization, and ethnic sentiment over policy on electoral participation. A descriptive and explanatory survey design was adopted, with data collected from 100 purposively selected respondents across the three senatorial districts of Edo State. Primary data were gathered through structured questionnaires, complemented by secondary sources such as Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) reports. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were employed to test the study’s hypotheses. The findings revealed a considerable level of voter apathy driven by distrust in the electoral process, fear of violence, poor voter education, and disillusionment with the political class. Ethnic identity emerged as a significant determinant of voting behavior, as loyalty to ethnic candidates, influence of ethnic leaders, and perceptions of marginalization strongly shaped political choices. The study recommends strengthening electoral institutions, enforcing laws against ethnic- based campaigning, enhancing civic and voter education, fostering youth engagement in governance, and ensuring electoral security. Addressing these challenges is critical to promoting inclusive participation, reducing voter apathy, and consolidating Nigeria’s democracy.

The study investigated Biology teachers’ content knowledge on concepts in Biology, specifically focusing on Ecology, among senior secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. It examined the extent of accurate content knowledge
possessed by Biology teachers, assessed how their educational qualifications influenced their understanding of ecological concepts, and analyzed the impact of teaching experience on their content mastery. The study adopted a descriptive survey design, sampling all seventeen (17) Biology teachers in the area through a census technique. Data were collected using a validated multiple-choice achievement test consisting of thirty items focused on ecological concepts, administered under controlled conditions. Descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentage, were were used to determine the relation between teachers’ years of experience and qualification and teachers’ knowledge of concept of Ecology. Findings revealed that the majority of Biology teachers demonstrated strong content knowledge of Ecology, showing high correctness in foundational areas such as animal distribution in aquatic habitats, plant adaptations, trophic levels, energy flow, nitrogen cycling, ecological succession, and ecological relationships. The results indicated no significant differences in content knowledge linked to teachers’ educational qualifications or years of experience, suggesting that mastery of ecological concepts was widespread among participants. This outcome aligned with previous research emphasizing the importance of continuous professional development over formal qualifications and teaching experience alone in enhancing teachers' content expertise and pedagogical effectiveness. x Based on the findings, recommendations were made for continuous monitoring of students’ grasp of difficult ecological concepts to ensure understanding. It was recommended that teachers should endeavour to find out the reasons behind students’ failure in Ecology Teachers were also advised to constantly monitor students’ knowledge on difficult concepts, specifically, in Ecology. Also school administrator were to constantly organize in service trainings to keep teachers informed on paradigm shift in teaching and learning to promote students’ attainment. Lastly, Nigerian government was asked to allocate adequate resources to support effective teaching and learning of ecology in schools.

This study examines the consequences of corruption in Nigeria as regard to Transparency International report, using General Sani Abacha administration as a case study. Nigeria is the most populous black nation with an estimated population of 150 million people and still growing. It has a population larger than sixteen West African Countries put together which makes it a very important player not only within West Africa but Africa in general. Nigeria is blessed with human and material resources. Consequent upon this, it is expected that a larger population of the country lives in affluence, ironically preponderance of Nigerian population live in abject poverty. Poverty has pervaded the entire segment of the country. Surprisingly, democratic system of government has not suppressed the virulent growth of poverty in Nigeria. There are more questions than answers. For instance, it is aptly correct to ask: why poverty amidst plenty in Nigeria? Corruption has become a popular phenomenon in the nation’s political system. It has indeed become a society￾induced activity in the sense that, it now enjoys popular support from the people, invariably, corruption has been democratized. This happens as a result of the 1 inability to capture and understand the generic meaning of corruption, which has further given it a toga of social recognition and acceptance in all the societies within the country. Although, corruption is a global phenomenon, it occurs in monarchy, democracies and military dictatorships; at all levels of development and in all types of economic systems from open capitalist economies to centrally planned economies. The fact remains that corruption differs widely in its forms, pervasiveness and consequences, in developed countries the effect may be less severe, while in developing countries particularly African continent where the effect may be too severe for citizens to bear, as demonstrated. In Nigeria, corruption affects every facet of human development. Little wonder, the Transparency International (TI), an NGO of international repute continue to rate and score Nigeria high among the corrupt countries in the world. The futile attempt by the government to fight the cankerworm stems from the fact that government itself is greatly infected with the virus and an average Nigeria is seen as corrupt in most parts of the world. It is against this background that this chapter examines the causes, types and effects of corruption. And the various ways of achieving corruption free society through the recommendations capable of reducing the practice corruption

The purpose of this study was to examine communication as a tool in enhancing organizational performance in some selected media houses in Benin city, Edo state, Nigeria. To actualize the objectives of this study, four research questions were raised, and four hypotheses were generated to guide the study. The study covered a sample size of one hunderd and seventy one (171) respondents which were staff and employees drawn randomly from four media houses in Benin city, Edo state, Nigeria namely: ITV, NTA, DAAR COM, and Silverbird TV. The study adopted questionnaire as research instrument to sample the opinion of the respondents on the research subject. A total of 171 questionnaires was distributed to employees from the selected media houses, retrieved and analyzed. The data gathered through the administering of questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistics through frequency distribution. The Multiple Ordinary Least Square regression technique was used to test the null hypotheses and ascertain the relationship between the variables using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.

Traditional cybersecurity awareness programs often struggle with engagement, scalability, and the ability to measure real behavioral change among users. To address these challenges, this project presents the development of a Phishing Simulation and Awareness Portal using Google Workspace tools. The system is designed to simulate real-world phishing attacks in a controlled environment and educate users through interactive, micro-based lessons. Built with Google Apps Script, Gmail, and Google Sheets, the platform automates the creation, deployment, and tracking of phishing campaigns, while maintaining real-time event logging and analytics. It also provides administrators with a simple, centralized interface for managing email templates, campaign configurations, recipient data, and awareness metrics. By integrating simulation and training within the familiar Google ecosystem, the system eliminates the need for external applications and ensures ease of deployment across organizations. Ultimately, this project aims to enhance user vigilance, reduce susceptibility to phishing threats, and promote a culture of proactive cybersecurity awareness through continuous education and data-driven feedback

This research examines how Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) influences the flow characteristics of purified gum Arabic-based drilling mud formulations, positioning them as eco-friendly substitutes for conventional synthetic additives. The experiment involved developing seven initial formulations combining bentonite with different polymer systems: xanthan gum, gum Arabic, and mixtures of gum Arabic with either cocoyam starch or ginger extract in proportions of 50/50 and 75/25. Subsequently, selected formulations underwent alkaline modification using NaOH at measurements of 3.0g, 7.5g, and 15.0g to replicate varying pH environments. Flow behavior parameters encompassing plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), gel strength, and mud weight were determined through Fann viscometer measurements and evaluated against three mathematical model frameworks: Bingham Plastic, Power Law, and Herschel- Bulkley models. Experimental findings demonstrated that 50g of gum Arabic delivered comparable rheological characteristics to 1g of xanthan gum under neutral conditions. The introduction of alkaline treatment produced substantial modifications in fluid behavior, with response patterns dependent on both the specific polymer-starch pairing and alkalinity level. The most remarkable transformation occurred in the gum Arabic-cocoyam (50/50) formulation treated with 7.5g NaOH, which demonstrated PV of 65 cp and YP of 180 lb/100ft² corresponding to increases of 261% and 1025% respectively relative to the 3.0g NaOH variant. The gum Arabic-ginger combination displayed considerable viscosity nhancement (PV = 108 cp with 7.5g NaOH) yet revealed temporal degradation of gel structure at elevated alkalinity levels. Every alkaline-treated system manifested pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) characteristics with flow behavior indices (n) spanning 0.3 to 0.948, validating their appropriateness for drilling fluid applications. Comparative model analysis indicated that the Herschel-Bulkley model most accurately characterized the behavior of alkaline-modified natural polymer systems, whereas both Bingham Plastic and Power Law models exhibited substantial prediction errors, especially under high-alkalinity conditions. These results established that purified gum Arabic, when strategically combined with indigenous starches, (cocoyam & ginger) and subjected to pH optimization, represents a viable, environmentally degradable, and economically advantageous alternative to synthetic drilling fluid components, delivering ecological v advantages while preserving operational performance standards required for petroleum drilling activities.

With the consistent improvement in information Technology, especially artificial intelligence, many sectors have benefited from it. Education has an immense role to play in the quality of the individuals who will drive the world to the next stage in each generation. The implementation of AI in education aims to equip the student with a plethora of resources from which information and knowledge can be attained. Though it boasts about potential to revolutionize the educational sector, the danger of over reliance on it still exists, aside from that, role of a teacher isn't one that should be replaced by AI, because human interactions are a necessary part of being a human being as outlined by UNESCO. The report emphasizes the need to discourage students from using generative AI as a shortcut to completing tasks, assignments, and even projects. The aim of teaching students is not for them to just produce answers but to learn how to produce them by working hard and dedicating themselves to the pursuit of knowledge. This is the goal that the educational institutions hope to achieve, and creating a system that would increase the chances of achieving that goal should be embraced and utilized.

This study focuses on the linguistic place of an Ẹdo woman in language preservation. The aim of this research work is to gain a better understanding of the linguistic features of the Ẹdo language, and to explore the role of women in language preservation. The method used in carrying out this research was both primary and secondary. The data for this study was collected using oral interview with competent native speakers of Ẹdo. The data were collected from residents whose ages range from fifty years and above. The respondents were: old people (specifically women), Ẹkosodin Benin women and the researcher's mother and also documented data from secondary sources. The feminist sociolinguistic theory framework was employed for the analysis of the data. The analysis of the data reveals valuable insights into the ways in which women actively participate in language preservation efforts and contribute to the vitality of the Ẹdo language and culture. The study concludes that through
activities such as storytelling, singing traditional songs, and teaching cultural practices, women actively contribute to the transmission of linguistic and cultural knowledge to future generations, thereby playing a crucial role in language preservation efforts. The study is recommended to policymakers, educators, community leaders, and researchers interested in language preservation, gender studies, and cultural heritage