2023

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, originated in Wuhan,
China, in December 2019 and was declared to be a global pandemic by the WHO in March 2020.
Vaccination is a crucial measure for controlling the spread of the virus. Several vaccines have been
developed and approved for use including the novel mRNA type vaccines. Uptake of the vaccine
is affected by factors such as hesitancy, supply-demand gaps and the economic impact of the
lockdown measures as well as knowledge of and attitude towards the vaccine. This study aims as
assessing level of uptake of the COVID-19 vaccination and factors affecting it among traders in
Benin City. Method: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among traders in Egor,
Ovia North-East and Oredo Local Government Areas of Benin City, the capital of Edo State,
Nigeria. A sample size of 426 was obtained, and a multistage sampling technique was used to
select respondents. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee in
University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) before commencement of the study with ethical
clearance number ADM/E 22/A/VOL.VII/14831293. An interviewer-administered questionnaire
was used to collect the data for the study after pretesting. Data was analysed using the Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: The mean age of respondents was 45.7 ± 11.2. A higher proportion, 89.0% were female,
Christians (93.0%) and married (81.0%). Out of 426 respondents, 42.7% had primary level of
education. The median household income was 120,000 naira. From the responses, 35.7% and
15.5% had good knowledge of and good attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine respectively.
About a quarter of the respondents, 26.3% were willing to take the vaccine and 15.0% had taken
it. The factors found to affect uptake of the vaccine were age (p=0.012), household monthly
income (p<0.001), knowledge of (p<0.001), attitude towards (p=0.013) and willingness (p=0.025)
to take the COVID-19 vaccination. Conclusion: The study showed that knowledge of and attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine
were low. Also, willingness to take and uptake of vaccine were also low among the respondents.
The federal and state governments should create awareness on the vaccine importance and
availability using multimedia and make vaccines available at the market. Individuals should rely
on credible sources for information on the vaccine and consider the negative impact of taking the
vaccine on their health, community, nation and the world.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus on blood glucose, body weight and liver, kidney and pancreas reduced glutathione levels on normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the animals (diabetic control and diabetic treated), by intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (45mg/body weight), while the control groups received equal volume of the citrate buffer (pH 4.5) solution intraperitoneally. Streptozotocin treatment significantly increased (p < 0.05) blood glucose concentration in the diabetic rats compared to the normal rats. The normal treated and diabetic treated rats were given Cymbopogon citratus extract for 21 days (400mg/body weight). The pancreas, livers, and kidneys of the rats were excised and biochemical assay of reduced glutathione was determined. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the fasting blood glucose levels of the normal treated rats when compared with the normal control rats at the end of the 21 days treatment period. Levels of blood glucose in the diabetic rats were significantly increased p<0.05) compared to the normal control rats. However, levels of blood glucose in the diabetic treated rats were not significantly different (p>0.05) when compared to the diabetic
control rats. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in body weight in the diabetic rats when compared to the normal control rats. There was no significant % weight (p>0.05) gain in the
diabetic treated rats when compared to the diabetic control rats and also there was a non- significant (p>0.05) decrease in weight in the normal treated rats when compared to the normal control rats. In the liver and the pancreas, the results for reduced glutathione concentration showed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the normal treated rats when compared to the normal control rats, in the diabetic control rats when compared to the normal control rats and in the diabetic treated rats when compared to the diabetic control rats. In the kidney, there was no significant difference observed (p>0.05) when the normal treated rats were compared with the normal control rats and when the diabetic treated rats were compared with the normal control rats. However, when the diabetic treated rats were compared with the diabetic control rats, there was a significant difference (p<0.05). Cymbopogon citratus does have some hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties but further research is needed to ascertain these claims.

The study was an assessment of the influence of social media on the sexual behavior of undergraduates in the University of Benin(UNIBEN). The study became necessary following the claim that social media is capable of influencing sexual behavior positively and negatively. Social learning theory (SLT), Diffusion of Innovation, Uses and Gratification Theories servedas the framework for this study. Survey design was employed with a 10 item questionnaire of a population of 385 UNIBEN Undergraduate, 378 or 98.2% of them actively participated in the study. Data generated from this study were analyzed with the aid of frequency tables and simple percentage. The study found that social media influences sexual behavior negatively by perpetuating harmful and unrealistic sexual stereotypes, it was also revealed that social media exerts high sexual expectations leading to pressure and conformity to certain sexual norms, etc. Hence, it was recommended among other things that the University of Benin should develop and implement comprehensive sexual education programmes aimed at promoting safe and responsible use of social media exploration by its undergraduates. The study concluded that social media may be harmful but are still useful in influencing sexual behavior of the undergraduates.

The distribution and marketing of leafy vegetables pose significant challenges due to their perishable nature. This study was conducted to assess the profitability of vegetable marketing in Benin City, Edo State, by examining the socioeconomic characteristics of leafy vegetable marketers, determining the cost and margins of leafy vegetable marketing, analyzing the determinants of profit in this sector, and identifying associated challenges. A sample of 100 respondents from five markets was selected using a simple random sampling method. Data were collected through structured questionnaire administered to vegetables marketers. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics budgetary analysis and inferential statistics (linear regression). The findings indicate that the majority (89.0%) of respondents were females, highlighting the dominance of females in vegetable marketing. Middle-aged individuals constitute a substantial proportion (40%) of vegetable marketers, and married individuals dominate the sector (42%). Larger households with 4-6 members contribute significantly to family labor and expenses. Total revenue (TR) from various vegetables amounted to ₦29,675.71, with variable osts (TVC) totaling ₦20,730 and fixed costs at ₦7,050. The total Marketing cost (TMC) was ₦27,780, resulting in a net return of ₦1,895.71. While the net return indicates profitability, it is relatively lower compared to previous research findings. Key constraints include poor access roads, rapid quality deterioration/spoilage, seasonal price fluctuations, and high transportation costs. The perishable nature of vegetables presents a significant challenge. it can be concluded that vegetable marketing in Benin City is predominantly conducted by females, often middle- aged and married individuals. Despite profitability, the profit margin is comparatively lower than in previous studies. It was recommended that addressing poor access roads to alleviate transportation challenges and reduce spoilage and marketing costs.

The research work assessed availability and utilization of e-learning technologies on academic performance of Business Education Students in Higher Institutions in Edo State. Six research questions and two hypotheses were raised and formulated respectively to guide the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study comprised of the five hundred and twenty-one (521) Business Education students in 200 level, 300 level and 400 level students in the University of Benin and Igbinedion University, out of which 100 students were used as sample, using the disproportionate stratified random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire containing forty items was the instrument used in obtaining responses from respondents. The reliability of the instrument was ensured by using Cronbach Alpha reliability computation which yielded a co- efficient index of 0.839. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the research question, while t-test and ANOVA were used to test the hypothesis. The findings of the study showed that students had several positive thinking about e-learning technologies enhancing business education programme and these technologies which would cover the gap that exist between theories and practical learning were not effectively available. Arising from the findings, it was recommended that government and other relevant stakeholders in education should provide adequate e-learning technologies for the teaching and learning process of business education courses. The government should make Internet connectivity a priority for higher education by creating free and accessible wifi. And also, the relevant authorities should create an avenue for uninterrupted power supply. In addition, in-service training programmes such as on the job training and retraining programmes such as attending seminars, workshop on the utilization of e-learning technologies should be allowed on a regular basis for serving business educators and students in the University of Benin, Benin City and Igbinedion University, Okada..

The study investigates the role of ITV's 'You and the Law' programme in raising human rights awareness among residents of Benin Metropolis, Nigeria. The research seeks to assess the programmes's contribution to human rights awareness, identify the specific human rights issues it addresses, and examine the challenges that Benin residents face in accessing the programme. The study draws upon two theoretical frameworks: the Social Responsibility Theory, emphasizing the media's responsibility to society, and the Agenda Setting Theory, which highlights the media's influence on public perception. The researcher employs a survey method to gather and analyze quantitative data from Benin Metropolis residents who are familiar with human rights awareness programs. The findings indicate that 'You and the Law' significantly informs, educates, sensitizes, and exposes human rights violations among Benin residents. However, there are varying opinions regarding its empowerment, influence, and ability to draw attention. The program effectively addresses a range of human rights issues, including poor infrastructure, police brutality, minimum wage, discrimination, violence, and security. Based on the findings, the researcher concludes that the study underscores the critical role of media, represented by ITV's 'You and the Law,' in advancing human rights awareness. It advocates for strategic improvements to maximize the positive impact of media in promoting human rights, fostering a more informed and empowered citizenry in Benin Metropolis, and contributing to broader discussions about human rights in Nigeria. Based on
the conclusion, the researcher recommends among others the improvement in content quality, a stronger online presence and potential program timing adjustments. Implementing these measures will enable ITV's 'You and the Law' to continue its vital mission, furthering awareness and driving positive change in Benin Metropolis.

This project addresses the critical need for efficient and accessible water pumping solutions in various applications, particularly in contexts with limited access to conventional power sources. Water pumping systems are integral to industries ranging from agriculture to disaster relief. However, challenges such as power dependency, infrastructure limitations, and environmental concerns persist. This project introduces a transformative approach by integrating a hand drill as the primary power source within a centrifugal pump system. This innovative solution leverages the portability, affordability, and versatility of this device, making it a practical and cost-effective alternative. The hand drill-powered system eliminates the reliance on electricity or fuel, enhancing accessibility in remote or emergency situations. In addition to its applicability in car washes, low volume irrigation, and medical microfluidics, this project extends its impact to various fields, including agriculture, disaster relief, and remote research stations. It offers a sustainable, portable, and environmentally responsible water pumping solution that aligns with modern needs. By combining the convenience of hand drills with the efficiency of centrifugal pumps, this project represents a significant advancement in water pumping technology

his project delves into the realm of network security through the development and evaluation of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that harnesses the power of feature selection and ensemble models. In today's digitally interconnected world, the protection of networks against malicious activities and cyber threats is of paramount importance. IDSs serve as the first line of defence in identifying and mitigating these threats, making their enhancement a critical area of research.
This study demonstrates the efficacy of combining feature selection methods with ensemble models to fortify IDS capabilities. By conducting an extensive review of existing IDS methodologies, collecting network data, and employing ensemble techniques, this research showcases that this approach surpasses traditional feature selection methods not only in accuracy but also in computational efficiency.
The use of ensemble models has rendered the IDS more resilient, adaptable to diverse attack patterns, and robust against the inherent noise in network data. These findings contribute significantly to the field of cybersecurity, shedding light on the potential of uniting feature selection and ensemble models to optimise IDS performance. The practical implications of this research extend to organisations and institutions seeking to bolster their network security posture. Elevating IDS accuracy and efficiency is a pivotal step towards safeguarding networks against the continually evolving landscape of cyber threats.

This research examines the role of Instagram as an advertising platform for promoting small-scale businesses. With its vast user base and visual-centric format, Instagram has become an increasingly popular medium for businesses to reach potential customers. This study presents the findings from a comprehensive field survey conducted in 2023, investigating the effectiveness of Instagram in business promotion, user perceptions, and the convenience of its advertising platform for buying and selling..The survey collected responses from 250 participants covering demographics, Instagram usage patterns, and attitudes towards the platform's role in business promotion. The results indicate a balanced gender distribution among respondents, with the majority falling between 15 and 30 years old. A significant portion of participants reported being single and having diverse educational qualifications. Regarding Instagram usage, the survey highlighted that approximately half of the respondents were frequently on the platform, with a significant percentage using it as a primary shopping destination. The findings further indicated that a notable proportion of respondents viewed Instagram as an effective platform for promoting small-scale businesses, emphasizing its impact in generating awareness and reaching potential customers. However, concerns about the authenticity of goods and services emerged, with almost half of the respondents expressing reservations about the platform's consistency in delivering what was advertised. Additionally, a considerable number of participants acknowledged that the effectiveness of Instagram in business promotion may be affected by factors like hacked social media accounts, raising questions about security and trustworthiness. Despite the mixed perceptions, the study revealed that Instagram's advertising platform is perceived as convenient for buying and selling, primarily attributed to its user-friendly interface, direct shopping features, and seamless integration with various payment options. In conclusion, Instagram has shown significant potential as an effective advertising platform for small-scale businesses, benefiting from its visual appeal and influencer marketing strategies. However, addressing concerns regarding authenticity and security will be critical in sustaining its effectiveness in the long term. The research provides valuable insights for businesses seeking to leverage Instagram's potential and lays the groundwork for future investigations into the evolving landscape of social media-driven business promotion.

Vesico-vaginal fistula (VVF) is an abnormal opening between the balder and the vagina in which urine leaks into the vagina. Sometimes this type develops as a result of obstructed labour in childbirth. This abnormality is rampant among adolescents and as such many young adolescent students still do not have good knowledge about the causes and implication on health. On this note, this study was designed to investigate perception of vesico-vagina fistula among adolescent students in selected secondary school in Ovia North-east Local Government, Edo State. A sample size of 230 adolescents was selected through random sampling technique. A well- structured questionnaire was used as instrument of data collection based on the research objectives. Data collected was analysed using descriptive (Frequency, percentage and mean) and inferential statistics. The level of significance was set at � < 0.05. The data analysis was carried out using IBM Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0 for windows. The result shows that the Adolescents have good knowledge about vesico-vagina fistula and have high (positive) perception towards VVF and the prevention mechanism.