INVESTIGATING

Green tea (camellia sinensis) is rich in bioactive compounds, particularly catechins like epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin and flavonoids. Thes constituents contribute to its well-documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic properties. Arsenic contamination represents a serious environmental and health hazard, particularly in developing nations where regulatory oversight of water and food quality is often lacking. Among the various organs affected, the gastrointestinal tract, especially the duodenum, is a primary site of arsenic-induced toxicity due to its direct contact with ingested substances. One of the primary mechanisms by which arsenic exerts its toxic effects is through the generation of oxidative stress, which leads to cellular injury, inflammation, and apoptosis. This study investigated the protective effects of aqueous leaf extract of camellia sinensis on arsenic-induced duodenal damage in adult Wistar rats. The study used adult Wistar rats that were randomly divided into six groups (A-F). The first group A(control) were given feed and water, while the rats in group B were administered arsenic trioxide 10mg/kg body weight for 14days and sacrificed by cervical dislocation afterwards. The rats in group C were administered arsenic trioxide 10mg/kg body weight for 14 days and standard drugs(omeprazole) for 28 days. The rats in group D were administered arsenic trioxide 10mg/kg body weight for 14 days and aqueous leaf extract of camellia sinensis 250mg/kg body weight for 28 days while group E were administered arsenic trioxide 10mg/kg body weight for 14 days and aqueous leaf extract of camellia sinensis 500mg/kg body weight for 28days. The rats in group F were administered arsenic trioxide 10mg/kg for 14days and allowed to recover for 28days. The results showed that the rats in group A (control) show normal tissue architecture with well-defined mucosal lining, crypts, lamina propria, muscularis, mucosa and submucosa. However, the rats treated with arsenic only (group B) show severe atrophy, mural infiltrates of inflammatory cells and cell congestion, similar findings were observed in group C, rats treated with omeprazole (mild degree) and the group F treated with only arsenic and allowed to recover showed comparable degrees. Also, treatment with aqueous leaf extract of camellia sinensis at a dose of 250mg/kg (group D), completely resolved chronic duodenitis, while high dose of 500mg/kg body weight (group E), mildly resolved chronic duodenitis. Findings also showed that there were increased oxidative stress markers in rats treated with arsenic trioxide only and similar findings was also seen in the group treated with omeprazole and the group treated with arsenic and allowed to recover. The first group(control) has great level of anti- oxidant enzymes, similar findings were observed in the groups treated with aqueous leaf extract of camellia sinensis. The findings in the study suggest that aqueous leaf extract of camellia sinensis has a protective effects against arsenic-induced duodenal injury in adult Wistar rats.

This study delves into the quality control practices of Uniben table water factory, with a focus on ensuring the production of safe and high-quality bottled water. The research aims to comprehensively assess the current quality control measures, identify areas for improvement, and propose recommendations to enhance the overall quality management system. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative interviews combining interviews with consumers of the factory’s produce and qualitative analysis of water quality parameters using the R-Charts, Run Test and Process Capability. Through this approach, the research seeks to provide a holistic understanding of the quality control practices in the Uniben table water factory. In conclusion, the analysis of result clearly showed that only one sample (bottle water) in the month of April achieved process capability and is fit for production. The month of May till July 2023 did not have samples that achieved process capability. The study concludes with recommendations for implementing a comprehensive quality control framework to enhance the quality and safety of table water production.

This study investigates the effects of Dendropanax trifidus, a traditional medicinal plant, on kidney function and morphology in Wistar rats. The aim is to evaluate the potential nephroprotective and therapeutic properties of Dendropanax trifidus extract through a series of experimental assays. Wistar rats were divided into control and treatment groups, receiving varying doses of Dendropanax trifidus extract over a predetermined period. Biochemical analyses were conducted to assess kidney function, including serum levels of creatinine, urea and electrolytes. Histological examinations of kidney tissues were performed to evaluate morphological changes and structural integrity. Results demonstrated that administration of Dendropanax trifidus significantly improvedrenal function markers in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting its potential nephroprotective effects. Histological analysis revealed a reduction in tubular injury and preserved glomerular architecture in treated rats compared to controls. These findings indicate that Dendropanax trifidus may possess beneficial effects on kidney health, potential offering a natural therapeutic option for the management of renal disorders. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and to explore possible clinical applications in nephrology

This study investigates the susceptibility of students at the University of Benin (UNIBEN) to phishing attacks and examines how to promote sustainable, safe email usage within the academic environment. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study collected quantitative data through structured surveys and qualitative insights from interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. The findings reveal that while students have a basic awareness of phishing, their understanding is superficial and they often rely on visual cues, which increases their vulnerability. Additionally, the current email security measures at UNIBEN—such as basic spam filters and password-based authentication—prove insufficient against sophisticated phishing tactics. The qualitative data further indicate that a lack of practical, hands-on cybersecurity training contributes significantly to the risk, with many students calling for interactive training and simulated phishing exercises. Based on these insights, the study concludes that enhancing both technical security measures and cybersecurity education is essential to reduce phishing susceptibility. Recommendations include implementing comprehensive, practical training programs, upgrading security protocols with multi-factor authentication, establishing formal incident reporting systems, and fostering a proactive cybersecurity culture. These steps are expected to strengthen the overall security of UNIBEN’s email system and promote a resilient academic environment.

The growing consumption of processed seasoning, particularly Knorr, has raised scientific concern regarding their potential physiological effects, owing to the inclusion of additives such as monosodium glutamate (MSG), high salt content and synthetic flavor enhancers. This study investigated the effects of Knorr seasoning on Drosophila melanogaster across different concentrations. The flies were allocated into five groups: Group A (control), Group B (0.3 g), Group C (0.15 g), Group D (0.1 g), and Group E (0.05 g). Survival analysis revealed that Knorr seasoning significantly influenced lifespan (p = 0.006). Flies exposed to the highest concentration (0.3 g) exhibited the lowest survival rate by Day 21 (8.3%), whereas those treated with the lowest concentration (0.05 g) maintained a relatively higher survival rate (20.0%) compared to the control group (22.9%). A second setup was made and the flies was divided into five groups with varying concentrations to assess antioxidant enzyme activity. Catalase (CAT) activity showed no significant differences among groups (p = 0.624), while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity varied significantly (p = 0.012). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity did not differ significantly across treatment groups (p = 0.984). Overall, the findings demonstrated that Knorr chicken seasoning reduced the survival of Drosophila melanogaster in a concentration-dependent manner, with the greatest reduction observed at 0.3 g. Antioxidant enzyme assays indicated that Knorr seasoning selectively modulated SOD activity, suggesting heightened oxidative stress responses at higher concentrations and reduced activity at intermediate levels, whereas CAT and GPx activities remained largely unaffected. These results emphasize the critical role of dosage in determining whether Knorr seasoning exerts detrimental or potentially adaptive biological effects. Further investigations are warranted to validate these findings and explore the long term health implications of seasoning cube consumption.

Gastric damage is a common phenomenon in this part of the world, with about 70%–80% of the population having this issue. These have raised major concerns among experts in the medical field. The project “Investigating the Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Camellia sinensis on Arsenic-Induced Gastric Damage in Adult Wistar Rats” aims to investigate the protective effects of aqueous leaf of camellia sinensis in arsenic-induced stomach damage in adult wistar rats. This study is an experimental research design that involves the use of 30 adult wistar rats, which were randomly divided into six groups (A-F). Group A served as the control group, Group B (Arsenic only), Group C (Arsenic+ Omeprazole), Group D(Arsenic+ low dose of extract), Group E(Arsenic+ high dose of extract) and Group F(Arsenic and left to recover). The rats were given water and feed ad libitum only for 14 days for acclimatization. Thereafter, the five treatment groups were given arsenic trioxide (10mg/kg) orally for 14 days to induce gastric damage. Group B rats were sacrificed for pilot study. Group C received Omeprazole(500mg/kg) for 28 days, Group D was administered low dose of the extract(250mg/kg) for 28 days, Group E received a high dose of the extract 500mg/kg) for 28 days also while the last group was left to recover without administering any extract and thereafter sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The results showed that rats treated with arsenic only had statistically significant decrease in body weight compared to the control group while the rats treated with camellia sinensis (250mg/kg) had statistically significant increase in weight compared to the rats in Group B. The rats in Group B had statistically significant decrease in organ weight compared to the control group. Group D had a significant increase in the organ weight compared to Group B. The antioxidant result showed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase and gluthaione peroxidase level and a significant decrease in malondialadehyde level in Group C, D and E. The histology results showed crater-shaped ulcers in the rats given arsenic toxin only. Normal mucosal lining was seen in the control group as well as in those given arsenic with omeprazole (the standard anti-ulcer drug). The rats given low and high doses of camellia sinensis showed pitting mucosal lining, with those given low doses having better ameliorative effects compared to those given high dose. The last group (reversal group), which were given only arsenic and left to recover, showed severe mucosal erosion. In conclusion, the research findings suggest that camellia sinensis (green tea) has the potential to mitigate arsenic-induced gastric damage in adult wistar rat.

This study investigated the influence of gamification on student’s engagement in learning Mathematics through the Research Questions such as How does the use of gamification strategies influence students’ levels of engagement in learning mathematics compared to traditional teaching methods? What specific game elements are most effective in enhancing students’ motivation and participation in mathematics? What are the factors influencing effectiveness of gamification in mathematics? To what extent does gamification impact the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions of student engagement in mathematics? What are the challenges affecting the implementation of gamification in mathematics education? The research design employed was the descriptive survey research design. The Simple random technique was used to select students using gamification in learning mathematics. The instrument that was used for the data collection was a structured questionnaire. The instrument was administered by the researcher. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics showing mean and standard deviation On the basis of the findings made in the study, we conclude that most of the responses on how does the use of gamification strategies have influence on students’ levels of engagement in learning mathematics compared to traditional teaching methods, Most of the responses on specific game elements have effects in enhancing students’ motivation and participation in mathematics, most of the responses on the factors influencing effectiveness of gamification in Mathematics have impact on students engagement in learning Mathematics, Most of the responses on extent of gamification impact the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions of student engagement in Mathematics and there are challenges affecting the implementation of gamification in Mathematics education. The implications of this study highlight the need for continuous professional development programs, adequate provision of gamification resources, and supportive school policies to encourage the integration of gamified strategies in mathematics education. Conclusively, the results emphasize that teachers who lack sufficient training or access to necessary resources face challenges in effectively implementing gamification in their lessons. The researcher recommends that workshops and capacity-building programs be organized to enhance teachers' understanding of gamification techniques, improve their ability to design engaging learning experiences, and ultimately enhance students' participation and performance in mathematics.

This study focuses on investigating the role of mobile learning apps in improving chemistry student's understanding of chemistry in Nigerian universities aiming to assess its impact on Chemistry students' Understanding. Four research questions guided the investigation, exploring the role mobile learning apps play in students' ability to recall facts, understand Chemistry concepts, conceptualize practical and motivation to learn Chemistry. This study employed a survey research design, which enabled researchers to make generalizations about the entire population based on the sample data. The population of the study consisted of 216 students. A sample of 100 students was selected from this population using simple random sampling. A 20-item questionnaire was designed to gather information from respondents. This questionnaire was validated by the researcher's project supervisor and two other lecturers. Additionally, a pilot test was conducted to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, which yielded a Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.701. Data were collected through questionnaire administration and the collected data underwent careful organization and tabulation to ensure clarity and accessibility, and were then analyzed to draw meaningful conclusions. Through a thorough analysis on the study guided by four research questions, the findings gotten revealed a positive impact of mobile learning apps in students' ability to recall facts, understand Chemistry concepts, conceptualize practical and students' motivation to learn Chemistry. The study recommends that lecturers promote the use of mobile learning applications that support memory recall and provide interactive tools for chemistry practical. Continuous research and investment are necessary to improve existing applications and align them with students' learning needs. Educational stakeholders should also promote awareness of the benefits of mobile learning applications. The study concludes that these applications significantly improve chemistry students' understanding and learning outcomes, making them a valuable tool in chemistry education.

Benin City, Edo State, faces increasing urban flooding and water scarcity due to rapid urbanization and limited public water supply. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) offers a sustainable solution by reducing surface runoff and supplementing household water demand. This study investigates the effectiveness of RWH as a stormwater management strategy, evaluates current practices, and explores its potential to improve water availability and mitigate flooding in selected locations within Benin City. A combination of field surveys, photographic documentation, household questionnaires, interviews, hydrological assessments, and case study reviews was employed. Field surveys focused on Upper Sakponba, Eyean Community, and Amagba Road, examining rooftop collection systems, storage tanks, and compound management such as grassing. Questionnaires assessed household awareness, adoption, and perceived benefits of RWH. Hydrological analysis using the Rational Method estimated rooftop runoff volumes, while Lagos case studies provided insights into large-scale RWH integration with green infrastructure and flood mitigation systems. Results show that many households practice RWH using plastic or concrete tanks, which reduces runoff and meets non-potable water demand, although adoption is limited by cost, technical knowledge, and space. Hydrological assessment confirmed that rooftop runoff can satisfy household water needs when storage is properly sized. The study recommends incorporating RWH into building codes, providing subsidies and technical training, promoting first-flush diverters and filtration units, and integrating RWH with urban stormwater measures such as retention ponds and green infrastructure

This research explored the viability of natural fibers for ballistic armor, a traditionally synthetic field. Following a literature review, two natural fibers underwent characterization to assess their mechanical properties. These fibers were then tested to evaluate their ability to stop projectiles,
absorb impact energy, and minimize wearer injury. The results provide insights into the potential of natural fibers for ballistic applications, highlighting areas for improvement like strength and moisture resistance. Future research directions include advanced fiber modification techniques, optimized composite design strategies, and life cycle assessments to promote the development of sustainable and effective natural fiber-based ballistic armor.