ETHANOL EXTRACT

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia causes damage to important tissues and organs (heart, liver, blood vessels, kidneys and nerves). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark and its fractions on some biochemical status in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Crude ethanol extract prepared from pulverised stem bark of the plant was fractionated using analytical grade solvents (n-hexane, ethylacetate, and methanol). Adult male rats (Wistar strain, n = 56) weighing between 150 and 200 g were randomly assigned to eight groups (7 rats/group): control, diabetic, metformin, extract, and hydroethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions. With the exception of control group, DM was induced in the rats via intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg body weight). This was followed by treatment (daily) with either metformin, ethanol extract or fractions of C. albidum stem bark for 14 days. At the expiration of the treatment period, plasma/tissue samples obtained from the rats were used for biochemical analyses. Blood glucose concentration and body weight were monitored on weekly basis. Indices of liver and kidney function; oxidative status in selected tissues (plasma, liver, kidney, pancreas), lipid peroxidation index and haematological parameters were measured. The results obtained showed that induction of DM with STZ significantly increased fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, organ weights (liver, kidney), malondialdehyde (MDA), indices of liver and kidney function, lipid profile, and some haematological parameters (white blood cell, lymphocyte, granulocyte, mid-cell), but it decreased the activities/levels of hepatic/renal/pancreatic antioxidant enzymes [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)], body weight, pancreas weight, plasma total protein, albumin, and electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃⁻), high-density lipoprotein holesterol (HDL-C), platelet count, and red blood cell indices when compared to control (p < 0.05). However, treatment with C. albidum stem bark extract/fractions markedly reduced FBG level, organ weights (liver, kidney), and MDA, but it enhanced the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and pancreas weight (p < 0.05). Similarly, extract/fractions treatment improved lipid profile and haematological parameters, while restoring indices of liver and kidney function. The results were comparable to those of metformin (standard drug). Histopathological examination of pancreatic and liver tissues of diabetic untreated rats showed cell reduction of the islet of Langerhans and pancreatic acini, congestion of the central vein, as well as loss of normal hepatocytic architecture, indicating severe pancreatic and liver damage. However, treatment with C. albidum extract/fractions revealed improvement in liver/pancreas histology. Histopathological examination of pancreatic and liver tissues further supported the biochemical findings. The results obtained in this study have shown that ethanol extract of C. albidum stem bark and its fractions can markedly reduce typical derangements associated with STZ-induced diabetes mellitus (that is, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and oxidative stress.

This study evaluated the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Pleurotus ostreatus on the weekly body-weight changes and organ weights of Wistar rats under sub-chronic oral administration. Twenty male rats (159–230 g) were divided into four groups: control, and three treatment groups receiving 100 mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of the extract for 28 days. The extract was prepared through ethanol maceration of air-dried P. ostreatus leaves, and animal handling followed institutional ethical standards. Weekly body weights were recorded, and organ weights (liver, kidneys, heart, testes, and spleen) were assessed post-sacrifice. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at P ≤
0.05. The results revealed a dose-dependent, progressive increase in body weight across treatment groups compared with control, with no mortality or observable toxicity. Organ-weight analysis indicated normal physiological ranges, suggesting that the extract did not induce adverse metabolic effects. The observed steady growth pattern indicates that ethanol extract of P. ostreatus may enhance nutrient utilization and metabolic efficiency without compromising safety during sub-chronic exposure. These findings support the nutritional and pharmacological potential of P. Ostreatus as a functional food and safe metabolic enhancer

Tetrapleura tetraptera¸ commonly known as Aidan fruit, is a tropical plant indigenous to Western and Central Africa. Botanically, it belongs to the Fabaceae or Leguminosae family and is renowned for its distinctive four-winged fruit pods, which inspired its name tetraptera. This plant has been a prominent part of West African traditional medicine and culinary practices for generations. Several reports have documented that the various parts of the plant have various medicinal properties and it
also possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and antioxidant properties. This study examines The Effect of Tetrapleura tetraptera on the Livers of adult Wistar Rats. This work involved the use of an experimental study design, consisting of twenty-four (24) adult Wistar rats weighing 160-212g which were acclimatized for two (2) weeks, separated into four (4) groups; A, B, C and D with each group having six (6) Wistar rats of randomized patterns for administration and were all weighed prior to it. In Group A (control group), the rats were administered with 1ml distilled water, Group B were administered with 200mg/kg body weight of ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (low dose), Group C were administered with 400mg/kg body weight of ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (intermediate dose), Group D were administered with 800mg/kg body weight of ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (high dose). After administration (twenty-eight (28) days), the animals were sacrificed, organs harvested and processed for assays according to established methods. Data from the animals were subjected to statistical analysis using GraphPad prism version 8.1 statistical package and relevant statistical values were obtained. One-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was carried out and data were presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc test was used. Values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The statistical values obtained were converted into graphical representation in form of bar charts. Histologically, Group A, the control group, showed liver tissue with normal architecture comprising of hepatocytes, sinusoids, bile ducts and the portal veins

Inflammation is a fundamental biological response of the immune system that protects the body against harmful stimuli but can lead to pathological conditions when prolonged or uncontrolled. Current anti-inflammatory therapies, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are effective but associated with side effects, prompting the need for alternative remedies from natural sources. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extract of Dioscorea alata (water yam) on experimentally induced paw edema in albino mice. Fresh tubers of Dioscorea alata were collected, processed, and extracted with ethanol. Sixty albino mice were used and divided into three (3) groups for acute and chronic inflammation models induced by carrageenan, egg albumin, and formaldehyde. Test groups received oral doses of Dioscorea alata extract (20
mg/kg and 250 mg/kg), while negative and positive controls received normal saline and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) as a standard drug respectively. Paw volume was measured at specified time intervals, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. The results revealed that Dioscorea alata extract significantly reduced paw edema across all
models in a dose-dependent manner, with higher doses exhibiting comparable effects to indomethacin. Both acute and chronic inflammation models demonstrated notable antiinflammatory activity, suggesting the presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as saponins, phenolic compounds, and diosgenin. Importantly, no mortality was observed among the treated animals. This study concludes that ethanol extract of Dioscorea alata possesses significant antiinflammatory properties, supporting its traditional use in the management of inflammatory conditions. It is recommended that further studies, including isolation of active compounds and clinical evaluations, be conducted to validate its therapeutic potential.

In this study, the effect of ethanol extract of Solarium nigrum (Sn) leaf on the concentrationofmalondialdehyde (MDA) after histamine challenge in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs wasinvestigated. Three weeks old, male guinea pigs (25 of them) were divided into five groupsconsisting of five pigs each were used. All animals were allowed access to standard animal feedand water. In addition animals were pre-sensitized with ovalbumin, and then exposedto2%histamine aerosol after an overnight fast. The pre convulsion time was recorded. Animalsingroups 2, 3, 4, were administered ethanol extract of Solanum nigrum leaf at the respective dosesof 50, 100 and 200mg/kg body weight while animals in group 5. received 25mg/kgbwof thereference drug aminophylline. Animals were again subjected to histamine aerosol after drugadministration and the pre-convulsion was again recorded. All animals were sacrificed threedaysafter the last challenge and their lungs were excised. Result obtained indicates that sensitizationwith ovalbumin and exposure to histamine aerosol caused the increase in the lipid peroxidationin bronchial alveolar tissue, lung and plasma cells respectively. Treatment with ethanol extract ofSolanum nigrum (Sn) leaf showed a decrease in the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA)when compared to that of the control.

This study used mouse models to assess the acute toxicity and analgesic effects of Moringa oleifera extract. Acute toxicity was tested by giving different oral dose up to 5000 mg/kg, which resulted in no mortality, showing relative safety. The analgesic efficacy was assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking assays. The extract considerably reduced writhing behaviors in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05), indicating peripheral analgesic effects. In the formalin test, the extract significantly reduced paw licking time in both neurogenic (early) and inflammatory (late) phases, with significant effects at moderate and high dosages (p < 0.05), indicating wide analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. These data confirm Moringa oleifera extract's potential as a safe and effective analgesic agent. Moringa oleifera's phytochemical components, which include flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenolic acids, are thought to work together to provide analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits. The extract's ability to attenuate nociceptive behaviors in established experimental models backs up its longstanding use in folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. The findings of this work give experimental confirmation for Moringa oleifera root bark as a promising natural analgesic with a wide range of efficacy, prompting further investigation into its pharmacological mechanisms and possible clinical applications. The extract's analgesic efficacy and safety profile make it a promising lowrisk pain management option

Carica papaya is a widely recognized medicinal plant commonly employed in traditional medicine for the management of diverse health conditions. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and sub-acute toxicological effects of C. papaya leaf ethanol extract in female Wistar rats. The leaves were collected, authenticated, and subjected to qualitative phytochemicai screening, which revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, cyanogenic glycosides, and anthraquinones, while tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and triterpenes were absent. For the toxicological assessment, rats were orally administered C. papaya leaf extract at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg daily for 28 days. Hematological analysis indicated mild modulation of immune parameters, with dose-dependent decreases in WBC and lymphocyte counts and increased neutrophils, while RBC indices remained stable. Biochemical assays revealed no significant alterations in renal (urea, creatinine) and liver (AST, ALT, ALP,bilirubin) markers, and serum protein levels were unaffected. Electrolyte profiles showed minor changes in potassium and bicarbonate levels without evidence of overt toxicity. Histopathological evaluation of major organs, including liver, kidney, spleen,lungs, heart, and uterus, demonstrated preserved architecture, with only minor adaptive cellular changes, such as slight hepatocyte enlargement and increased lymphoid follicle size in the spleen. Overall, sub-acute administration of C. papaya leaf ethanol extract at the tested doses exhibited no severe toxicity, suggesting that it is generally safe and may confer protective effects on multiple organ systems. These xii findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of C. papaya and warrant further pharmacological investigation

This study investigated the antidiabetic and electrolyte-modulating effects of ethanol extract of Tetracera alnifolia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The extract was administered at doses of 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg, and its effects on fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels and sodium levels were evaluated. The results showed that the 500 mg/kg dose exerted a significant hypoglycemic effect, maintaining lower FBS levels over time. Additionally, the extract at 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg maintained sodium levels closer to the normal range. These findings suggest that the ethanol extract of Tetracera alnifolia may have therapeutic potential in the management of diabetes, particularly in regulating blood glucose and electrolyte balance.

Background: Fadogia cienkowskii is used as a herb for treating inflammation Aim: To evaluate the acute toxicity profile of Fadogia cienkowskii and determine the antiinflammatory properties of Fadogia cienkowskii. Method: the acute toxicity profile was evaluated using lorkes model, the antiinflammatory effect of the extract Fadogia cienkowskii (stem bark) was determined using the carrageenan induced paw edema and dextran induced paw edema models. Results: Oral administration of the extract produced no mortality and acute toxicity and also produced significant (p<0.05) antiedematogeni effect with the dose of 100,200 and 400mg/kg in the carrageenaninduced edema model. In the dextran-induced edema model significantly inhibited dextran-induced edema sustained through the experiment. Conclusion: The result indicates that ethanol extract of Fadogia cienkowskii stem bark has no potential for sure Toxicity and possess acute antiinflammatory activity mediated by either blocking release of
histamine and prostaglandins. Thus supporting the usage of the plant in traditional medicine treatment of inflammation.