Ighodaro Igbe

Twenty male wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 5). Group I (control)received dis tilled water, while Groups II, III, and IV received 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of Moringa oleifera extract, respectively, via oral administration for 28 days. Body weights were taken in a weekly schedule, major organs (heart, kidney, liver, lungs and spleen) were harvested, weighed, preserved for histopathological investigations and organ weight index was calculated. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism, with a statistical significance level of p < 0.05. The extract caused continuous body weight gain in all the treatment groups and there were no significant differences between them with the control showing that the metabolic and physiological functioning was preserved. The organ weight index of the liver, kidney, heart, spleen and the lungs were normal and did not show any hypertrophy or atrophy based on the doses. The histopathological examination showed minimal hepatic steatosis in the control group, and moderate steatosis at 600 mg/kg, no necrosis or inflammation. There was normal tissue in the kidneys, heart and spleen. The lungs of the rats treated with 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg, however, had diffuse alveolar damage that was characterized by intra-alveolar edema, hyaline membrane deposition, and neutrophilic infiltration which is a phenomenon that indicates dose￾related pulmonary sensitivity. In general, the extract showed relative systemic safety at both low and moderate doses, although the development of diffuse alveolar damage at 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg means that the respiratory risk may occur at higher exposures. More experiments and mechanistic research are ix also advised in order to completely prove the safety of Moringa oleifera root extract in the long term

This study used mouse models to assess the acute toxicity and analgesic effects of Moringa oleifera extract. Acute toxicity was tested by giving different oral dose up to 5000 mg/kg, which resulted in no mortality, showing relative safety. The analgesic efficacy was assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw licking assays. The extract considerably reduced writhing behaviors in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05), indicating peripheral analgesic effects. In the formalin test, the extract significantly reduced paw licking time in both neurogenic (early) and inflammatory (late) phases, with significant effects at moderate and high dosages (p < 0.05), indicating wide analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. These data confirm Moringa oleifera extract's potential as a safe and effective analgesic agent. Moringa oleifera's phytochemical components, which include flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenolic acids, are thought to work together to provide analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits. The extract's ability to attenuate nociceptive behaviors in established experimental models backs up its longstanding use in folk medicine to treat pain and inflammation. The findings of this work give experimental confirmation for Moringa oleifera root bark as a promising natural analgesic with a wide range of efficacy, prompting further investigation into its pharmacological mechanisms and possible clinical applications. The extract's analgesic efficacy and safety profile make it a promising lowrisk pain management option

Background: Fadogia cienkowskii is used as a herb for treating inflammation Aim: To evaluate the acute toxicity profile of Fadogia cienkowskii and determine the antiinflammatory properties of Fadogia cienkowskii. Method: the acute toxicity profile was evaluated using lorkes model, the antiinflammatory effect of the extract Fadogia cienkowskii (stem bark) was determined using the carrageenan induced paw edema and dextran induced paw edema models. Results: Oral administration of the extract produced no mortality and acute toxicity and also produced significant (p<0.05) antiedematogeni effect with the dose of 100,200 and 400mg/kg in the carrageenaninduced edema model. In the dextran-induced edema model significantly inhibited dextran-induced edema sustained through the experiment. Conclusion: The result indicates that ethanol extract of Fadogia cienkowskii stem bark has no potential for sure Toxicity and possess acute antiinflammatory activity mediated by either blocking release of
histamine and prostaglandins. Thus supporting the usage of the plant in traditional medicine treatment of inflammation.

Fadogia cienkowskii is a medicinal plant traditionally used for pain relief and other therapeutic purposes. Despite its widespread ethnobotanical use, scientific validation of its safety and analgesic properties remains limited. This research investigated the acute toxicity and analgesic properties of the ethanol extract from F. cienkowskii stem bark in mice. The acute toxicity study was conducted using Lorke’s method, with oral administration of the extract at doses up to 5000 mg/kg to assess toxicity signs and determine the median lethal dose (LD₅₀). The analgesic activity was evaluated using two pain models: the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the tail immersion test. Mice were treated with F. cienkowskii extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, and their responses were compared to those of control and standard drug groups. The result of the acute toxicity study revealed no mortality or significant behavioral changes, indicating that the extract is well-tolerated at 5000 mg/kg. In the mice writhing test, the extract significantly reduced the number of writhes in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a potent peripheral analgesic activity. However, in the tail immersion test, the extract did not significantly prolong pain response latency, unlike morphine, indicating a lack of central analgesic action. In summary, the results indicate that F. cienkowskii stem bark extract has strong peripheral painrelieving effects, possibly by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, but lacks central analgesic activity. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated a favorable safety profile. These results support the plant’s traditional use for pain relief and warrant further studies to isolate and characterize its active compounds.