DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY

Buniyamin Adesina Ayinde

picture
Prof Baayinde Ayinde
Email Address
[email protected]
Department
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Faculty
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Area Of Specialization
Phytochemistry
Biological Evaluation of Medicinal Plants
Name Prefix
Prof
Position
Prof
ORCID
ORCID Number: 0000-0002-4259-528X

Publications

Scopus ID
12240561300
Google Scholar Link
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=rt_rwRAAAAAJ&amp%3Bhl=en
Office Address
Department of Pharmacognosy,
Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Benin
LinkedIn Link
https://www.linkedin.com/in/buliyamin-ayinde-14b86b29/
Extended Publications
Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Tumor Related Ailments in Some Local Government Areas in Kwara State, Nigeria
Growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of the methanol extract of Brachystegia eurycoma Harms (Fabaceae) leaves
ANTICANCER AND ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF THE METHANOL EXTRACT AND FRACTIONS OF CONYZA SUMATRENSIS (RETZ.) E. H. WALKER (ASTERACEAE)
Bioacaricidal effects of three volatile oils on cattle ticks
PHARMACOGNOSY AND HYPOTENSIVE EVALUATION OF FICUS EXASPERATA VAHL (MORACEAE) LEAF
ACTIVE ACH-INHIBITORY FRACTIONS FROM WALTHERIA INDICA L. (STERCULIACEAE) METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Evaluations of the Stem Bark of Newbouldia laevis against Isolates from Infected Wounds and Eyes
Active Blood Pressure Lowering Fractions from the Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn (Euphorbiaceae)
Lonchocarpus griffonianus (BAILL) DUNN (FABACEAE) ATTENUATES GROWTH PROLIFERATION: AN INDEX OF USAGE IN CANCER MANAGEMENT

APHRODISIAC PROPERTIES OF EXTRACT AND FRACTONS OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA (ASTERACEAE) IN MALE WISTAR RATS

Submitted by Nwosu Kelechi on
Author(s)
EZEMA PEACE UDOCHUKWUKA
Faculty
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Department
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Year of Publication
2023
Keyword
APHRODISIAC PROPERTIES
EXTRACT
FRACTONS
VERNONIA AMYGDALINA
MALE WISTAR RATS
upload
Ofeimun_EZEMA PEACE final Project.pdf
Publication Type
Undergraduate Project
Abstract
Phytochemicals constituents were screened for using different reagent to test for the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, reducing sugars and flavonoids. Diverse ethno medical applications exist for Vernonia amygdalina. However, the plant has only been the subject of a limited number of pharmacological research, and there hasn't been a thorough scientific investigation of its aphrodisiac properties. As a result, this study examined the aphrodisiac potential of extract and fractions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves utilizing physical and behavioral sexual parameters as well as in-vitro tests of the plant's effects on the corpus cavernosum muscles in male Wister rats. The powdered plant material was extracted with ethanol and the extract was subjected various solvent fractionation to obtain n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and residual aqueous fractions. After 2 weeks of acclimatization, oestrus was induced in the female rats by giving them 100mcg of ethinyl oestradiol orally and 1mg of progesterone subcutaneously, respectively, 24 hours and 3 hours before mating. The 35 male wister rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 5 animals each, while 10 female rats were also obtained for the study. Animals in group 1 received 0.5mL of distilled water and each animal in this group received 20% Tween 80 (0.5mL) and this served as the negative group. Animals in groups 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 received 50 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of V. amygdalina respectively in each group. Group 7 animals were given sildenafil 100mg/kg and served as the positive control. All administrations were done orally, and the physical parameters of aphrodisiac activity were measured. Also, the Corpus cavernosum smooth muscle was obtained from intact male rat and mounted in a 10 mL organ bath chamber containing Kreb's solution to evaluate the effects of the plant extract and fractions on the muscle. The direct effects of cumulative plant fractions concentrations were examined after tissue equilibration and response recording for 15 minutes without flushing. The plant fractions were utilized at doses of 0.78, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/ml. In the presence of potassium, a pre-contractile agent, the identical process was done for the plant fractions. On a computer, the changes in isometric tension were monitored and noted. Following the administration of each concentration, a contact period of five minutes was permitted. The tissues were then cleansed three times and given 30 minutes to equilibrate before the next round of administration. The measurement of sexual behavior parameters, such as anogenital grooming, genital sniffing, mounting frequency, intromission frequency, ejaculatory frequency, mounting latency, intromission latency, and ejaculatory latency, showed a significant improvement in sexual activities. The plant fractions also generated a similar amount of relaxation of the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle to that brought on by the reference medication. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the ethyl acetate and aqueous fraction of V. amygdalina leaves have strong aphrodisiac qualities and can relax the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle.
Supervisor(s)
Josephine Omose Ofeimun
co-supervisor
NIL

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA ATTENUATIONANDCYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF Lonchocarpus grif onianus G. DON(FABACEAE) STEM AND ROOT BARKS

Submitted by Gibson on
Author(s)
DANIEL AKPE-EFIAK AMBE
Faculty
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Department
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Year of Publication
2023
Keyword
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
TTENUATIONANDCYTOTOXIC EFFECTS
upload
Daniel's Thesis 1111.pdf
Publication Type
Undergraduate Project
Abstract
Rising incidences of benign and cancerous tumours, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)and prostate cancer, coupled with the unpleasant side effects of current therapy, suggest a needtosearch for new drug molecules. The stem bark of Lonchocarpus grif onianus G. Don(Fabaceae) is an important medicinal plant used in Nigeria to treat BPH and other tumourrelated ailments. No pharmacological study on the use of the plant for treating BPHhas beenreported. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of L. grif onianus (LG) on BPH. Two organs (stem and root barks) of LG were identified, collected, pulverized and extractedwithabsolute methanol (99 %) using a Soxhlet extractor. Comparative preliminary biological
evaluations were done on the L. grif onianus stem bark (LGSB) extract and root bark (LGRB)extracts using two benchtop assays (cytotoxic and antiproliferative). The acute toxicity of theLGstem bark extract was done using a modified Lorke's method. The extract was subjectedtoVacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) and Gravity Column Chromatography (GCC) toobtaintwo isolated compounds, LO1 and LO2. The compounds were subjected to MS and 1DNMRanalysis for identification. The isolated compounds (LO1 and LO2) were subjected to cytotoxicevaluation on human prostate (PC3) and uterine cervical cancer (Hela) cell lines using a 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Anti-BPHevaluationwasdone on the extract and LO1 using testosterone-induced BPH in the rat model. BPHwas inducedby the administration of testosterone propionate (4 mg/kg, s.c., in olive oil) for 28 days. LGSBextract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), LO1 (5 mg/kg), LGSB extract (200 mg/kg)+finasteride(5mg/kg) and finasteride (5 mg/kg) were orally administered daily. On day 29, the rats weresacrificed under anaesthesia and blood was collected via the abdominal aorta. The collectedblood was centrifuged, and the serum was separated. The serum was analyzed for biochemical
parameters such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), testosterone and estradiol. The prostatewasharvested for histological examination. The wet weight and volume of the prostate were taken. The prostate index (PI) was calculated. All data were expressed as mean ± SEM(standarderrorof the mean) and were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA), The result of preliminary evaluations indicated that the LGSB extract has a higher activity(100±0.00% mortality at 80 µg/mL) than the LGRB extract (3.33 ± 1.29%at 80 µg/mL). Acutetoxicity results revealed no mortality in both phases after oral administration with LD50>5000mg/kg. LO1 and LO2 significantly inhibited the multiplication of PC3 and Hela cells invitro.
Supervisor(s)
Buniyamin A. Ayinde
co-supervisor
NIL

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACTS OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA DELILE (ASTERACEAE) AND SPONDIAS MOMBIN LINN (ANACARDIACEAE) IN FEMALE WISTAR RATS

Submitted by Efesomo Collins on
Author(s)
ENIAFE, AYOMIDE EMMANUEL
Faculty
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Department
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Year of Publication
2025
Keyword
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACTS
VERNONIA AMYGDALINA DELILE
upload
Eniafe Ayomide final work.pdf
Publication Type
Undergraduate Project
Abstract
Vernonia amygdalina Delile (bitter leaf) and Spondias mombin Linn (hog plum) are medicinal plants widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments. This study aimed to evaluate the safety profile, phytochemical constituents and toxicological effects of these extracts in Female Wistar rats. Ethanol extract of both plants were collected, authenticated and prepared. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted revealing the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, phenolic compounds, steroids/triterpenes, saponins and cardiac glycosides, with a notable absence of cyanogenic glycosides. Sub-acute assessment on Female Wistar rats were carried out following oral gavage of the extracts at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg doses for 28 days. The V. amygdalina extract demonstrated high systemic tolerance, with all doses maintaining stable blood, liver, and kidney functions. It exhibited beneficial immunomodulatory effects, specifically activating the spleen and mobilizing lung defense mechanisms. Meanwhile, a mild liver inflammation (portal hepatitis) was observed exclusively at the 200 mg dose. Conversely, S. mombin extract presented a safety paradox: standard blood tests suggested it was systemically protective (reduced AST/ALT and Urea), yet histopathology study revealed toxicity. This toxicity manifested as destructive localized damage, including ulceration of the coronary arteries and bronchioles, making the extract critically unsafe for internal consumption. This research validates V. amygdalina as a safe, systemic immunomodulator within the tested dose range. While S. mombin presented a safety paradox. The findings strongly necessitate the mandatory integration of detailed histopathology into regulatory safety screening protocols for traditional plant medicines to detect latent, life-threatening organ toxicity that standard blood tests can miss
Supervisor(s)
ROSE IMADE
co-supervisor
NIL

EVALUATION OF THE ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE CRUDE VOLATILE OIL AND FRACTIONS OF Ocimum gratissimum LEAF AGAINST TICKS

Submitted by Nosa Igho-Osagie on
Author(s)
OLAWUNMI, HABEEBAT
Faculty
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Department
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Year of Publication
2025
Keyword
Tick Control Hyalomma rufipes Rhipicephalus microplus Volatile Oil Ethnomedicine Insecticidal Activity Acaricide Resistance
upload
Reviewed Habeebat's final project.pdf
Publication Type
Undergraduate Project
Abstract
In tropical and subtropical areas, tick infestations are a serious hazard to public health and livestock output. These ectoparasites act as vectors for a variety of zoonotic illnesses in addition to causing anemia, skin irritation, and secondary infections in animals. Due of extensive multi-drug resistance, environmental contamination, and public health issues such residues in meat and milk, conventional chemical acaricides are failing. Because of its antibacterial, insecticidal, and repellant properties, Ocimum gratissimum, often referred to as smell leaf, is widely used in West African ethnomedicine. Using a clevengerClevenger apparatus, the volatile oil was extracted from fresh Ocimum gratissimum leaves. Column chromatography and TLC were then used to fractionate and isolate the oil. The live cow ticks were treated with 20 μL of various oil concentrations (1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%). To assess effectiveness, tick mortality was tracked over a 24-hour period. The volatile oil's effectiveness as a deadly agent against the tick genus Hyalomma rufipes was confirmed when it reached 100% mortality at 10% concentration. The oil maintained a high mean mortality of 86.67±15.28 even at the lowest concentration tested (1%). At concentrations of 2%, 5%, and 10%, the oil completely killed Rhipicephalus microplus in every replicate. A significant mean mortality of 93.3±11.55 was obtained even at the lowest concentration tested (1%). Ocimum gratissimum volatile oil is a particularly good option for developing an integrated tick management product that is ecofriendly, efficient, and sustainable.
Supervisor(s)
B.A AYINDE
co-supervisor
Nill

ACUTE TOXICITY AND EFFECT OF Terminalia mantaly H. Perrier (COMBRETACEAE) LEAF EXTRACT ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WISTAR RATS

Submitted by Nwosu Kelechi on
Author(s)
OSAGUONA EGHOSA PRECIOUS
Faculty
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Department
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Year of Publication
2025
Keyword
ACUTE TOXICITY
Terminalia mantaly H
Perrier
ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT
AEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
upload
OSAGUONA EGHOSA PROJECT FINAL COPY.pdf
Publication Type
Undergraduate Project
Abstract
The leaf of T. mantaly is a component of traditional medicine, yet its scientific safety profile, particularly on the blood, is not well-established. This research aimed to provide information on the acute toxicity profile and a comprehensive description of the haematological effects of the plant's methanol leaf extract in Wistar rats, by examining both the immediate effect of a single high dose, and the sub – acute effect of repeated daily administrations. The leaf of T. mantaly was collected, authenticated, dried and milled into powder form. The powder (1050 g) was Soxhlet extracted using methanol, concentrated and dried to obtain 27.98% yield of extract. Acute toxicity test was done using Lorke’s method. Evaluation of the acute effect of a single high dose of 5000 mg/kg and the sub – acute effect of graded doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) of the extract on haematological parameters of female Wistar rats, were done using standard methods. The acute toxicity test revealed that the extract is relatively safe with LD50 > 5000 mg/kg. However, administration of the 5000 mg/kg dose of the extract revealed a non – toxic physiological stress response, which manifested as a decrease in platelets (thrombocytopenia) and lymphocytes (lymphopenia), as well as a sharp rise in neutrophils (neutrophilia). The 28 days sub – acute study demonstrated the safety profile associated with the administration of lower graded doses of the extract. An immunomodulatory effect, with a slight increase in the number of lymphocytes an platelets, were observed. In conclusion, the methanol leaf extract of T. mantaly possesses a high margin of safety and it is relatively safe, at the tested doses. However, caution is seriously advised in its use, at high doses.
Supervisor(s)
Osamuyi Henry Uwumarongie
co-supervisor
NIL

EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS FRACTION OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF CASSIAALATA L.[ FABACEAE] ON INVIVO ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN TESTOSTERONE-INDUCED BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA RATS

Submitted by Efesomo Collins on
Author(s)
JENNIFER OSABUOGBE
Faculty
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Department
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Year of Publication
2024
Keyword
AQUEOUS FRACTION
ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT
TESTOSTERONE-INDUCED
RATS
upload
JENNIFER OSABUOGBE.pdf
Publication Type
Undergraduate Project
Abstract
Benign prostate hyperplasia is a disease of ageing men. Oxidative stress is a promoter of the ageing process. This study evaluated the effect of the aqueous fraction of the ethanol leaf extract of Cassia alata l.[fabaceae] on antioxidant and lipid per oxidation status of male rats induced with benign prostate hyperplasia. Six groups of six rats each were induced with benign prostate hyperplasia by the subcutaneous administration of testosterone (4mg/kg). Groups 1, 2, and 3 received 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg doses of the fraction respectively. Group 5 rats (negative control) received 10 ml/kg of distilled water. Group 4 animals (standard control) were treated with finasteride (5mg/kg) while Group 5 rats (negative control) received 10 ml/kg of distilled water. Group 6 animals (normal control) were neither induced nor treated. All administration was daily for 28 days by oral gavage. Rats were sacrificed on the 29th day, blood was obtained, and serum enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured with Elisa assay test kits. Malondialdehyde concentration was equally measured. The extract did not significantly (P<0.05) increase the activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx compared to the negative control, while MDA concentration was also not significant.
Supervisor(s)
Josephine Ofeimun
co-supervisor
NIL

ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT OF SEED EXTRACT OF Persea americana IN BENIGN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA RATS AND LC-MS PROFILING OF IT'S METABOLITES

Submitted by Ade Ifeoluwa on
Author(s)
AJAYI VICTOR OPEYEMI
Faculty
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Department
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Year of Publication
2021
Keyword
PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA RATS
upload
Real chapter 4.pdf
Publication Type
Undergraduate Project
Abstract
Benign prostate hyperplasia is a disease of ageing men. Oxidative stress is a promoter of the ageing process. This study evaluated the effect of the ethanol seed extract of Persea Americana (PAE) on antioxidant and lipid per oxidation status of male rats induced with benign prostate hyperplasia and spectroscopic analysis of the extract. Five groups of five rats each were induced
with benign prostate hyperplasia by the subcutaneous administration of testosterone (3mg/kg). Group 1 rats (negative control) received 10 ml/kg of distilled water. Group 2 animals (standard control) were treated with finasteride (4mg /kg). Groups 3, 4 and 5 received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg dose of PAE respectively. Groups 6 animals (normal control) were neither induced nor
treated. All administration was daily for 28 days by oral gavage. Rats were sacrificed on the 29 th day, blood obtained, and serum enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (Gsr) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured with Elisa assay test kits. Malondialdehyde concentration was equally measured. High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to identify compounds present in PAE. The extract significantly (P<0.0001) increased the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx and Grs compared to the negative control at the dose of 400 mg/kg while MDA concentration was significantly reduced. Digoxin, tetramethylquercetin and abscisic acid were identified in PAE
Supervisor(s)
J. OFEIMUN
co-supervisor
NIL

EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) TAUB (FABACEAE) STEM BARK ON MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE-INDUCED FIBROID IN SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS (PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE TREATMENT).

Submitted by Prudence on
Author(s)
ONYEBUCHI ESTHER CHINAZA
Faculty
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Department
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Year of Publication
2023
Keyword
Tetrapleura
upload
ESTHER ONYEBUCHI.pdf
Publication Type
Undergraduate Project
Abstract
Uterine fibroids also known as leiomyomas are the most common benign tumors of the female reproductive tract which is mostly seen in women of reproductive age. Tetrapleura tetraptera is mostly used in herbal medicine for the management and/or control of a wide range of human ailments, which includes arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.This study aimed at evaluating the anti-fibroid potential of the ethanol extract of the stem bark of Tetrapleura tetraptera plant on monosodium glutamate induced fibroid in Sprague-Dawley rats.The objective of the study was to evaluate the ability of the extract to reduce Monosodium glutamate induced increase in cholesterol, total protein and estradiol respectively. The study also assessed the effect of the extract in ameliorating leiomyoma formation through histological studies. The stem bark of Tetrapleura tetraptera were dried, pulverized by milling, extracted using soxhlet apparatus and concentrated using a water bath. The percentage of the extract obtained from the bark of Tetrapleura tetraptera was 21.27% after extraction. For the preventive treatment the rats were divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E), of five rats each. Group A (control) received only food and water. In other to stimulate uterine fibroid, groups B, C, D, and E were given 800 mg/kg of MSG for 30 days. Then, groups C, D, and E were also given 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of T. tetraptera stem bark extract, respectively alongside the MSG, once daily for 30 days. For the curative treatment; Five rats divided into groups labelled A,B,C,D and E respectively were used. Group A (control) received only food and water. In other to stimulate uterine fibroid, groups B, C, D, and E were given 800 mg/kg of MSG for 30 days. Then, groups C, D, and E were also given 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of the extract respectively once daily from the 31st day for another 30 days after which the animals were sacrificed on the 61st day.All administration was done by the means of oral gavage. The animals were sacrificed, blood samples were collected and assessed.Histopathology studies of the uterus in addition to serum total protein, total cholesterol and estradiol levels were determined. Significant increase in cholesterol and estradiol levels were observed in MSGtreated animals in relation to the groups treated with the extract in both treatment groups.There was no significant difference in the protein levels when different concentrations groups were compared to MSG group (p>0.05).The extract prevented and also led to a mild reversal of these biomarkers in the curative group of this study.MSG also resulted in endometrial epithelium distortion and lamina propria fibrosis while the extract ameliorated the distortion observed in the
uterus. These findings suggest that T. tetraptera stem bark extract contains bioactive constituents that are useful in having amore preventive effect than curative effect in the management of fibroid as it reduces serum hormone levels which play roles in the etiology of uterine fibroid
Supervisor(s)
Rose O.Imade
co-supervisor
NIL

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the major staple food crops in Africa, overtime the constraints caused by Plant ravaging pathogen such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and other abiotic factors has led to decline in the yield of cassava produced per annu

Submitted by Nosa Igho-Osagie on
Author(s)
AVOUR AIZENOSA OSAZUWA-OJO
Faculty
FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Department
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY
Year of Publication
2023
Keyword
MARGARITARIA DISCOIDEA
pharmacognostic evaluation
herbal medicine
upload
FAVOUR AIZENOSA OZAZUA OJO_0.pdf
Publication Type
Undergraduate Project
Abstract
Traditional herbal remedies according to World Health Organization, will have a place in the health-care system only if recommendations for their use are founded on research that establishes their credibility and acceptability. The goal of standardization is to validate herbal products in terms of their safety, efficacy, quality and reproducibility. Hence this research work, designed to study some inherent characteristics of the leaf of Margaritaria discoidea that determines thequality of its product. The plant leaves were collected and identified. Pharmacognostic studies for the determination of some quality control parameters for the leaves of M. discoidea were conducted using standard prescribed methods. Macroscopy of M. discoidea leaves revealed that the leaves were simple, petiolated, alternate with entire margins and reticulate venation. Microscopy showed the presence of straight-walled epidermal cells, unicellular trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals and paracytic stomata. The transverse cut through the mid-rib section showed isobilateral tissue arrangement. chemo-microscopy showed the presence of lignin, cellulose, mucilage, tannins, starch and fixed oils. Phytochemical screening of the powdered leaves showed the presence of glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroidal nucleus and alkaloids. Thin layer
chromatography (TLC) revealed the presence of a number of separated constituents in the methanolic extract of the plant. Quantitative determinations for proximate analysis were moisture content (8.23%), total ash (8.62%), crude fibre (3.43%), crude fat (9.10%), crude protein (19.80%)and carbohydrates (59.05%). Vitamin C was present in minute quantity. Elemental analysis showed the presence of calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, sodium, copper, zinc and potassium. Methanol extractive value, Foaming and Swelling indices were 25.83%, < 100 and 5 ml/g, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
confirmed twelve constituents in the plant material. The compounds with the highest concentrations are kaempferol, phyllochrysine, phyllanthine and betulinic acid. From this research work, standardization indices which could be used for the proper identification of the plant (M. discoidea) so as to prevent adulteration, have been provided. These details could be recorded in an official monograph
Supervisor(s)
O. H. Uwumarongie
co-supervisor
NIL
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