SCHOOL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

Stress is an inevitable part of modern life and a major psychological burden, especially for professionals working in high-demand environments such as radiology department. This study aimed to evaluate the psychological stress levels and coping mechanisms among radiographers working in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City. A descriptive cross sectional survey was adopted for all 31 radiographers available at the hospital at the point of data collection the results indicated that radiographers at UBTH predominantly experienced mild to moderate psychological stress, with task-related pressure showing a notable mean score of 3.58 on the PSS. Statistical testing revealed no meaningful gender influence on stress levels (χ² = 0.49, p = 0.48), indicating that both males and females were similarly affected. The most intense stress triggers were linked to equipment failure (mean = 3.71) and heavy workload (mean = 3.58), alongside persistent time pressure (mean = 3.42). In response, many radiographers relied on proactive coping most notably taking action to solve their problems (mean = 3.06) while avoidance and substance-based strategies remained minimal (means ≤ 1.45). The study concluded that radiographers in UBTH experience noticeable levels of psychological stress, with most respondents falling within the mild-to-moderate range. The findings suggest that radiographers are striving to remain resilient, but systemic improvements are needed to reduce workplace stress and protect their long-term mental well-being.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), leading to severe motor and cognitive impairments. Its complex pathophysiology involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Hyperthermia, or high body temperature, is also known to cause cellular damage by impairing mitochondrial function and increasing oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate physiological alterations associated with hyperthermia in MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) induced Neurotoxicity using the MPTP rat model. Adult Wistar rats were divided into Control, Heat only, and MPTP + heat groups, receiving intranasal administration of MPTP (0.1ml/nostril)daily for 2 days. Heat exposure was carried out with heat bulbs for 6hours/day for one week at a temperature range of 28°c - 43°c. The study assessed key biochemical parameters, including oxidative stress markers (Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and Malondialdehyde (MDA)), and Total Protein levels. Biochemical analysis confirmed that MPTPt + HEAT treatments induced a severe state of oxidative stress. This was evidenced by a significant increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) alongside a decrease in the lipid peroxidation marker MDA. This pattern indicates that the cellular antioxidant defenses were overwhelmed by the toxin and heat.. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant decrease in total protein levels across the Heat only and MPTP+ heat groups, suggesting widespread cellular injury and apoptotic death consistent with severe heat exposure and MPTP neurotoxicity. This study confirms the physiological alterations caused by heat, demonstrating that MPTP administration and heat exposure promote molecular damage, oxidative stress, and widespread protein loss.

Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine, with certain ethnobotanical claims stating it promotes male virility. However, available scientific research shows mixed findings about its implications on male reproductive health, with some research revealing testicular injury and hormonal imbalance. Ocimum gratissimum is traditionally used to promote male vitality, although research information on its reproductive safety is inconsistent. This study studied the effects of a 500 mg/kg aqueous leaf extract of O. gratissimum on fertility hormones and testicular function in adult male Wistar rats for 28 days. Serum Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and testosterone were evaluated, with sperm count, motility, and morphology. The findings showed that while testosterone levels were normal, the extract caused a condition of compensated primary testicular dysfunction, as shown by significantly raised blood LH and FSH (p<0.05). A considerable decrease in the overall number of sperm was linked to this hormonal imbalance, suggesting compromised spermatogenesis. Ironically, by boosting motility and lowering the proportion of morphological defects, the extract also markedly enhanced sperm quality. These results point to a dualistic, site-specific action: the extract is gonadotoxic in the testes but may have a posttesticular, cytoprotective, antioxidant impact in the epididymis. Since the quantitative decrease in sperm production and hormonal indicators of testicular failure outweigh the qualitative gains, the overall effect at this dosage appears to be harmful to male fertility. These findings call into question the plant's conventional application as a fertility booster and call for care.

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease of major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, with school-aged children at particular risk due to frequent water contact. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium among school children in Usen community, Edo state, Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium among school children and examined its association with demographic and behavioral factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 50 students of Ilawure Grammar School, Usen. Urine samples were collected between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. and examined microscopically after centrifugation for Schistosoma haematobium eggs and red blood cells. Demographic and behavioral data were obtained using structured questionnaires and analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics version 27. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium was 16.0% (8/50). Infection was higher among males (15.4%) and among older children aged 18–20 years (25.0%), though differences by age and sex were not statistically significant. River/stream contact was significantly associated with infection (24.2%, p = 0.037). Other factors such as urinating in rivers, walking barefoot, and lack of toilet facilities showed higher proportions of infection but were not statistically significant. Children with prior knowledge of water protection practices were significantly less likely to be infected (p = 0.004). The study confirms that urinary schistosomiasis remains endemic in Usen Community. Health education, improved sanitation, safe water provision, and strengthened school-based interventions including mass drug administration are recommended to reduce infection among school-aged children.

Parasitic diseases are problems wherever poultry are raised whether in large commercial operations or in small backyard flocks, and economic losses caused by parasites on poultry can be significant. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in poultry, focusing on chickens and turkeys slaughtered in Benin City, Southern Nigeria. A total of 150 fecal samples were analyzed, comprising samples from 35 broilers, 30 native fowls, 35 layers, and 50 turkeys. The fecal samples was processed using standard Parasitological techniques, and then viewed microscopically. Prevalence rates varied significantly among the different bird species, with the highest total prevalence observed in Native fowls (143.3%), followed by Broilers (60.0%), Layers C(54.3%), and Turkeys (40.0%). Notably, Ascaridia galli was the most prevalent parasite overall (60.4%), with the highest prevalence in native fowls (63.3%). The study also found significant geographical variations in parasite prevalence. In broilers, Ascaridia galli prevalence was significantly different across the LGAs (p=0.045), with the highest rate in Ikpoba-Okha (33.3%). Similarly, in native fowls, Strongyloides avium showed a significant difference (p=0.003), with a high prevalence of 60.0% in Ikpoba-Okha. In turkeys, the prevalence of Ascaridia galli varied significantly across the LGAs (p=0.043). The findings highlight that poultry in the study area are widely infected with gastrointestinal parasites, emphasizing the need for targeted management strategies and regular treatment to mitigate infection risks

Despite the importance of clinical postings in providing practical experience for radiography students of the University of Benin, various challenges hinder the students' ability to maximize the benefits of this experience. This study assessed the challenges faced by radiography students of the University of Benin during clinical postings. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire distributed to 194 radiography students across three academic years. Reliability was established using Cronbach's alpha (0.71). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28, employing descriptive statistics and ANOVA for hypothesis testing. The findings revealed that time constraints (88.7%), difficulty understanding complex procedures without guidance (85%), and limited access to equipment (74.2%) were the most significant challenges. These challenges negatively impacted students' hands-on experience, understanding of procedures, and overall progress in radiography education. Students primarily coped through self-directed learning (89.2%), seeking guidance from other healthcare professionals (82%), and peer support (73.2%). However, only 24.8% felt adequately prepared for professional practice. Demographic factors were analyzed using ANOVA to identify significant relationships with perceived challenges. Recommendations include restructuring clinical posting schedules, establishing formal mentorship programs, implementing simulation-based education, and reducing student-to-supervisor ratios. The study provides valuable insights for improving clinical education in radiography at the University of Benin

Urinary tract pathogens are increasingly resistant to conventional antibiotics, prompting interest in plant-derived bioactive agents. This study evaluated the phytochemical profile and antibacterial potential of Cinnamomum tamala bark extracts against selected clinical isolates. Dried bark samples were subjected to aqueous and ethanolic extraction, followed by phytochemical screening using GC–MS analysis. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using ditch plate and agar well diffusion methods, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined via agar dilution techniques. The ethanolic extract demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition, with zones of inhibition ranging from 8.25 ± 4.8 mm at 50 µg/mL to 21.75 ± 2.93 mm at 800 µg/mL, showing significant differences across concentrations (p = 0.034). The aqueous extract exhibited no effect at low concentrations but was active at higher concentration, producing inhibition zones up to 6.50 ± 3.77 mm, significantly different across groups (p < 0.001). MIC results indicated stronger activity for the ethanolic extract, particularly against E. coli (12.5 µg/mL), compared to the aqueous extract, which required higher concentrations (100–200 µg/mL) across organisms. Similarly, ethanolic MBC values ranged between 25–100 µg/mL, significantly lower than the consistent 200 µg/mL required for the aqueous extract. Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and phenols in both extracts, while saponins and glycosides were exclusive to the aqueous extract, and steroids and resins were unique to the ethanolic extract. GC–MS analysis identified major constituents including Squalene (21.13%), 9- Octadecenoic acid (17.62%), and 13-Octadecenal (16.89%) in the ethanolic extract, while the aqueous extract was dominated by 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (28.24%) and Cyclopropane derivatives (17.04%). These findings highlight the potent antibacterial efficacy of C. tamala ethanolic extract, particularly against E. coli, with activity linked to its terpenoid and fatty acid constituents. The results suggest that C. tamala may serve as a promising source of natural antimicrobials.

Cerebellar dysfunction, marked by impaired coordination and balance, often result from toxic or degenerative damage to cerebellar neurons. Excessive exposure to manganese chloride, a neurotoxic compound, disrupts neuronal integrity through oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to motor and structural deficits. Vanillin, a natural phenolic compound with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has shown potential in mitigating such neurotoxic effects. This study therefore investigated the protective effect of vanillin against manganese chloride–induced cerebellar toxicity in Wistar rats. Forty-eight (48) Wistar rats were randomly assigned into six groups (A-F). Group A rats served as the control group; Group B rats were administered 10 mg/kg body weight of manganese chloride; Group C rats were administered 20 mg/kg body weight of vanillin and 10 mg/kg body weight of manganese chloride; Group D was administered 40 mg/kg body weight of manganese chloride and 40 mg/kg body weight of vanillin; Group E was administered 20 mg/kg body weight of vanillin; Group F was given 40 mg/kg body weight of vanillin. All administrations lasted for twentyeight (28) days. Neurobehavioural activities were evaluated using the open field, movement initiation, step and string Tests. Results from the study revealed that rats exposed to manganese chloride exhibited significant (p<0.05) weight loss, motor deficit, impaired antioxidant defense, elevated lipid peroxidation and degeneration of Purkinje cells and molecular layer neurons. However, pre-treatment with Vanillin significantly (p<0.05) mitigated these manganese chloride-induced cerebellar alterations in Wistar rats. Overall, the findings from this study indicate that vanillin possesses strong antioxidant properties, supporting its potential as an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment and management of manganese chlorideinduced cerebellar dysfunction

Annona muricata (soursop) is a tropical plant widely used in traditional medicine for various ailments, yet comprehensive safety data on its effects on vital organs remain limited. This research aimed to investigate the histopathological effects of Annona muricata leaf extract on liver, kidney, testis, and ovaries of albino rats. Twenty-four healthy albino rats weighing 180-200g were procured from the Animal House of the Department of Anatomy, University of Benin, and maintained under standard conditions with unrestricted access to feed and water. The rats were divided into four groups: Group A (control, n=2) received pelleted feed and distilled water; Group B (n=4) was administered 250mg/kg soursop extract; Group C (n=4) received 500mg/kg; and Group D (n=4) was given 1000mg/kg extract orally via gavage for one month. Following treatment, animals were euthanized, blood samples collected for biochemical analysis, and organs harvested for histopathological examination. Results revealed no significant changes in hematological parameters, liver function tests, or reproductive hormone levels across all groups (p > 0.05). However, kidney function analysis showed significant elevation in sodium (143±3.8 mEq/L) and chloride (107.3±0.5 mEq/L) levels in the highest dose group compared to controls (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed normal architecture in the control group organs. Groups B and C exhibited hepatic steatosis with microvacuolar degeneration, while Group D maintained normal liver histology. All kidney, testis, and ovary sections demonstrated preserved normal architecture across treatment groups. The findings suggest that Annona muricata leaf extract exhibits a complex dose-response relationship, with intermediate doses causing hepatic steatosis while higher doses appear protective. The preservation of reproductive organ integrity and absence of significant biochemical toxicity support the traditional use of soursop, though careful dose optimization and electrolyte monitoring are recommended for therapeutic applications

This study investigated the effects of methanol extract of Spondias mombin on body weight changes and liver histology in high-fat diet-fed rats. Obesity and metabolic disorders caused by high-fat diets are major global health concerns, prompting the search for safer plant-based therapeutic alternatives. In this study, thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a normal control group, a high-fat diet (HFD) control group, and three treatment groups administered 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of Spondias mombin methanol extract respectively. The experiment lasted for six weeks, after which body weight and liver histological changes were assessed. Results showed that rats fed with a high-fat diet without treatment recorded the highest body weight gain (48.6%), confirming the successful induction of obesity. However, rats treated with the plant extract showed a significant and dose-dependent reduction in weight gain, with percentage gains of 32.9%, 30.0%, and 20.6% for the low, medium, and high doses respectively. Histological analysis of liver tissues revealed severe hepatic steatosis in the untreated HFD group, while extract-treated groups showed progressive improvement in liver structure, with the high-dose group exhibiting near-normal hepatic architecture and minimal fat accumulation. The findings suggest that methanol extract of Spondias mombin possesses significant anti-obesity and hepatoprotective properties and may serve as a potential natural therapeutic agent for managing diet-induced metabolic disorders.