SCHOOL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

A common industrial chemical, bisphenol-A (BPA) is connected to oxidative stress, memory loss, learning impairment, reduced cholinergic function, and neuronal degeneration. BPA is also utilized in
the manufacturing of polycarbonate, epoxy resins, and plastics. Ascorbic acid, another name for vitamin C, is a necessary substance that is involved in several biological activities. It has been proposed as a potential therapeutic intervention for oxidative stress because of its strong antioxidant properties, which shield the body from oxidative damage brought on by free radicals. On the other hand, opinions about the protective role of vitamin C in bisphenol-A-induced toxicity are divided. This research looked at the neuroprotective effects of vitamin C in the context of toxicity caused by bisphenol-A in Drosophila melanogaster. Three to five days ago, flies were divided into groups. Group 2 received a diet containing 1 mM of bisphenol-A (BPA), whereas Group 1 acted as the control group. 200 mM of vitamin C was given to Group 3 by food, whereas Group 4 received 200 mM of vitamin C plus 1 mM of BPA through food. For six (6) days, the flies were kept on these treatments at room temperature. To evaluate locomotor performance, an open field research and negative geotaxis were conducted (climbing activity and exploratory movement). Additionally, a 15-day survival research was conducted to look at the effects of vitamin C and bisphenol A on fly survival rates. After the experiment was over, the flies were homogenized, and the supernatants were used to measure the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malonaldehyde
(MDA), and catalase-catalase. The survival rate, motility, and climbing activity (negative geotaxis) of flies treated with BPA were all significantly reduced. Additionally, the activities of AChE, MDA, Catalase, SOD, and BPA-treated flies were reduced. Vitamin C was able to considerably raise the flies' survival rate, motility, and climbing activity throughout the co-treatment procedure. It also lessened the effects of the BPA increase on AChE activity and MDA levels in these flies. Furthermore, vitamin C inhibited and BPA-induced redu tion in GST activity was observed.

This research centers on the complex relationship between high salt intake, hypertension, immune markers and antihypertensive drugs. Despite knowing the detrimental effects of salt on blood pressure, the specific molecular mechanisms connecting these factors are not fully understood and how antihypertensive drugs affect immune function markers. The aim of this study is to see how antihypertensive medications affect immune function markers in a salt-loaded animal model. Twenty-five Sprague Dawley male rats weighing between 110g-130g was purchased from Lagos and housed in the Animal Unit of theDepartment of Pharmacology, and allowed to acclimatize for 2 weeks thereafter were randomly divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each. Group 1; control received normal rat chow and tap water, Group 2; Received high salt diet of 8% NaC1 (HS) alone for 8 weeks as described by, Group 3; Received high salt diet + 2.3mg/kg/d Lisinopril, Group 4; Received high salt + 0.1mg/kg/d verapamil, Group 5; Received high salt + 10mg/kg/d Losartan. Feeding and drug administration was by oral gavage for 8 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) (mmHg), heart rate (bpm) and weight measurement was done before the animals were humanely sacrificed using chloroform anaesthesia. The result shows a significant increase in the Mean arterial blood pressure in salt-loaded rats compared with the control, while antihypertensive drugs caused attenuation in blood pressure increase when compared with the salt-loaded group. Lisinopril in particular reversed the trend; suggesting renin angiotensin-mediated primary pathway in salt-induced hypertension. There were no significant changes in the heart rate of the animals. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ration was significantly increased in salt-loaded rats compared with control and much more in Lisinopril and verapamil co-treated salt-loaded rats. The result shows a significant increase in the salt loaded group when compared with the control group, meanwhile there was no significant difference in the salt loaded group treated with different antihypertensive drugs lisinopril and losartan compared with the salt loaded while verapamil shows a significant decrease in interleukin-6 levels when compared with the high salt group. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) significantly increased in salt-loaded rats compared with the control, while in antihypertensive drugs it shows a decrease when compared with the salt-loaded group. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly increased in salt-loaded rats compared with the control; in lisinopril it shows no significant difference when compared with the salt-loaded group while lorsartan and verapamil shows a decrease in ROS activities. In conclusion, this research shows that excessive high salt consumption triggers inflammatory tissue responses which could lead to hypertension and this project study is a pointer to the fact that increases activity of immune cells could pre dispose to hypertension and this effect are ameliorated by antihypertensive drugs, especially lisinopril and verapamil.

Heavy metals are metallic elements that have a relatively high density compared to water. Some examples are lead and cadmium. These metals distributed into the body through ingestion or through inhalation of air. Fifteen (15) Adult male Wistar rats weighing between 100-130g were used for this study. They were assigned into three (3) groups of (n=5) in each group. Group 1 served as (control Group) while Group 2 and 3 serve as experimental group. Group 1: (control group) were give pellet and distilled water. While the group 2 and 3 were administered CdCl2 and pb(C2H3O2)2 100ppm for 14 days and 28 days respectively. After four weeks of administration, the blood collection was through orbital sinus using heparinized capillary tube into EDTA bottles. Thin blood smear from the EDTA bottles was placed on microscope slide. The slide was allowed to air dry after that it was subsequently fixed with absolute methanol for about 15 mins staining for 20 mins each and were viewed understand microscope. The bone marrow was experimented using flushing techniques. The result actualized from this study shows in the erythrocyte morphology, lead acetate and cadmium chloride affect the shape (slightly rounded or blunted) and color (faded) of the cells and there are microcytes which are unusual red blood cells which are seen scattered in the entire field.the bone marrow cytology shows abundant erythroid series in the treatment groups, also lymphoid cellular series recruitment interspersed by the other reticulocyte of the bone marrow when compared with the control. In conclusion, it was observed from this study that acute co-exposure to lead acetate and cadmium chloride affect the erythrocyte morphology of Wistar rats, this effects may result in a condition called poikilocytosis . The resulting effects on the bone marrow may eventually lead to anemia