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In Nigeria, a borehole is one of the best means of obtaining clean water in field condition. However, field operations in remote areas or in difficult conditions often require flexibility and imagination in avoiding and solving technical problems. The automated borehole regulator serves as a means to control the pumping of water between predefined upper and lower limits.This system mainly works on a principle that “water conducts electricity”. 5 wires are dipped into the tank with a certain gap between each wire will indicate the different water levels. Based on the outputs of these wires, microcontroller displays water level using LEDs as well as controls the flow of water by controlling the motor of the pump. In the 1st phase, the program is burnt into the microcontroller and the 5 copper wires are used to indicate water level and a motor controls the flow of water. An increase in the water level is determined by the wires and the signal is sent to the microprocessor and afterwards displayed on the LCD screen.The overall system testing of integrated design of voltage measurement device. The testing and integration is done to ensure that the design is functioning properly as expected thereby enabling the intended user(s) for which the project was targeted for, appreciate its implementation and equally approaches used in the design and integration of various modules of the project.

Lack of good leadership in Nigeria has given way for prevailing challenges ranging from corruption, insecurity, underdevelopment, unemployment, ethnicity and favouritism which have retarted the growth of the nation since her independence. This research work therefore focuses on ‘Umar bn Khattah an epitome of a good leadership stating that if his leadership style is emulated, it will bring about good governance in Nigeria. This research recommended that Nigeria politicians should learn and follow the leadership style of Umar bn Khattab. Also that Nigerians should be given a reorientation on leadership by introducing leadership courses in Nigerian schools at all levels.

Nigeria is a nation with a chequered history of democratic rule. The pressure mounted on the Nigerian political system since independence created instability in Nigeria polity. Hence the judiciary could not carry out its rules effectively, the first, second, and third republic collapsed thus, paved way for the inevitability of military; incursions in Nigeria politics, which truncated the Nigerian nascent democracy. This study essay therefore investigates the impact of the judiciary in achieving sustainable democracy in Nigeria. This essay uses qualitative and content analysis method in analyzing the information generated for the study. Cases and instances from the content analysis shows that the independence of the judiciary helps in achieving sustainable
democracy in Nigeria; independent judiciary enhances due process in a democratic state. Further analysis showed that incidences and court verdicts in issues relating to how the practice of separation of powers of which the judiciary is a product of enhances the efficiency of the judiciary in Nigeria.

This study aimed to design and implement a low-cost microcontroller-based system for monitoring the energy consumption of individual workshop machines, addressing the limitations of conventional centralized metering systems that fail to provide machine- specific data. The literature review examined previous work on energy monitoring technologies, including commercial, open-source, and academic systems, highlighting the growing role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in enabling real-time data acquisition and remote monitoring. It emphasized the need for affordable, scalable, and educationally adaptable solutions for developing regions, where technical expertise and financial resources are limited. The research adopted an experimental design methodology involving hardware and software integration. The system was built using Arduino Nano and ESP32 microcontrollers, ZMPT101B voltage and SCT-013 current sensors, an LCD display, and a ThingSpeak IoT cloud interface. Mathematical modeling was applied to compute voltage, current, power, energy, and cost, while SolidWorks was used for casing design. Calibration and testing were conducted under varying load conditions to assess accuracy, response time, and data stability. Data were logged both locally on an SD card and remotely on the cloud for redundancy and analysis. Results indicated that the system achieved high accuracy within ±1% for voltage and ±5% for current, with an overall efficiency of 95% and IoT data transfer uptime of 98%. The developed prototype successfully provided real-time monitoring, stable performance, and reliable data transmission. The study concluded that the Arduino-based energy monitoring system is a cost-effective, scalable, and efficient solution suitable for educational, domestic,

Urban insecurity has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges facing Nigerian cities, significantly affecting the quality of life and the efficiency of public administration. This study investigates the impact of urban insecurity on public administration effectiveness in Benin City, Edo State. The rising incidences of criminal activities such as armed robbery, kidnapping, cult-related violence, and street crimes have heightened fear among residents and placed increased pressure on public institutions responsible for maintaining order and ensuring public safety. Using both qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study collected data through structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with residents, civil servants, and security officials in Benin City. The analysis reveals that a majority of respondents perceive public administrative responses to urban insecurity as inadequate, citing issues such as corruption, underfunding, poor inter-agency coordination, lack of intelligence sharing, and minimal community engagement as key constraints. The research further identifies that while policy frameworks may exist on paper, there is a significant gap in practical implementation, often due to limited political will and resource constraints. Despite the presence of multiple security agencies and policies, the level of insecurity in Benin City remains alarming, undermining citizen trust in government institutions. The study recommends the adoption of a multi-stakeholder approach to urban security, including community policing, better funding and training for security personnel, transparency in administrative processes, and proactive policy implementation. Strengthening institutional capacity and enhancing public participation are also seen as vital steps toward restoring order and improving the effectiveness of public administration in dealing with urban insecurity

The study was carried out to analyze the settlement behaviors of fine-grained soils-that is, clayey soils-in Benin City, Nigeria, with a view to understanding their geotechnical
characteristics and compressibility under loads. Justification for this research lies in the
frequent structural failures and foundation instabilities observed in clayey sub-soils
across the region Various soil samples collected from the University of Benin and environs were tested for their physical and engineering properties in the laboratory. Standard tests such as moisture content, specific gravity, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, and
consolidation, in line with ASTM and BS standards, were carried out to study soils' compressibility and settlement behaviors under applied loads. The natural moisture content of the soils varied between 18.6% and 22.4%, while the average specific gravity was 2.57. In addition, the Atterberg limits gave a liquid limit of 38-42%, plastic limit of 22-23%, and plasticity index of 16-19%, classifying the soils as
inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity CL under the USCS and A-7-6 under
AASHTO. More than 50% of soil particles passed the 0.075 mm sieve, which confirms
fine-grained, cohesive soils that are characteristic of the Benin Formation. The results of
the consolidation (oedometer) test show that settlement increases with applied pressure
between 12.5 kPa and 250 kPa, whereas the coefficient of volume compressibility, Mv, decreases from 0.1× 10 −3 and 1.0× 10 −3 m2 /kN, indicating moderate to high compressibility. Generally, these soils are characterized by moderate plasticity, low permeability, and high settlement potential; hence, foundation designs should consider soil stabilization, preloading, or raft and pile foundations, with adequate drainage control to ensure long-term stability

Sida acuta commonly known as wire weed possesses several therapeutic properties that can be recognized in traditional medicine. Sida acuta has been found to contain several photochemical (flavonoids, tannins, steroids), antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro antidiabetic activities of the aqueous extract of Sida acuta on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme. In this study, the result on the α-amylase assay shows that the standard (acarbose) has better in vitro antidiabetic properties on α-amylase enzyme by inhibiting α-amylase at IC50 of 29997.9µg/ml when compared to the inhibitory properties of the aqueous Sida acuta extract which had an IC50 of 42966.9µg/ml. The result obtained from the α-glucosidase assay showed that the IC50 of the standard (acarbose) had better in vitro antidiabetic properties on the α glucosidase enzyme by inhibiting α-glucosidase at an IC50 of 10120.52µg/ml when compared to that of the extract (IC50 of 14333.29µg/ml). In conclusion the extract displayed its medicinal properties by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme and could be used as a possible anti diabetic therapeutic agent.

This study examined the relationship between perceived use of resources and achievement in oxidation-reduction reaction, percentage perception of students’ use of resources, andthe contribution of sex, type of school, and level of perceived use of resources to students’ achievement in oxidation-reduction reactions in Urban areas of Ovia-North East LGA, Edo state. Based on this, six research questions were raised and three were hypothesized and tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance.Asurvey research design incorporating ex-post facto was adopted as research design for the study. The population for this study consists of four hundred and seventy-nine (479)senior secondary II chemistry students in public and private secondary schools in urbanareas of Ovia North East LGA, Edo state. A sample of two hundred and seventy-seven(277) chemistry students were selected for thestudy through purposive random sampling techniques. An instrument titled Perceived use resource inventory and achievement test was used to collect data from the students in the study. The instrument was face and contentvalidated by the researcher’s supervisor, a lecturer in Chemistry Department and a chemistry teacher. The questionnaire had a reliability coefficient of 0.830 using Cronbach Alpha Statistics while the achievement test had a reliability coefficient of 0.731 using Kuder Richardson (KR-20), hence the instrument was deemed reliable. The instrument was administered by the researcher with the assistance of the chemistry teacher and retrieved from the students immediately they were completed. The data collected from the students were analyzed using, percentage, Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression.The results from the Study showed that majority of the students were well acquainted with the resources used in oxidation-reduction reactions. The result also showed that malestudents identified resources for teaching oxidation-reduction reaction correctly compared to female students. Furthermore, the results showed that male students identified resources for teaching oxidation-reduction reaction correctly more than the female students both in public schools and private schools. The result also revealed that there was a significant relationship betweenperceived use of resources and the achievement of students inoxidation-reductions. It was also revealed from the result thatthere was no significant relationship between perceived use of resources and the achievement of male and female students in oxidation-reductions in public and private schools. The result further revealed that perceived use of resources significantly contributed to the achievement of the students in oxidation-reduction reaction, whereas, sex and school ownership did not significantly contribute to the achievement of the students.Based on the findings in the study, it was recommended that chemistry teachers should prioritized using resources in explaining concepts so as to increase the students' conceptualization and also deploy the most appropriate pedagogical contents that could help students conceptualize very well and know what is expected in oxidationreduction reactions, chemistry teachers should ensurethat both male and female science students are actively involved in science classes, government and private school owners should provide learning materials especially in thescience areas like chemistry to meet the needs of students during their learning and study time.

Nigerian Courts have a constitutional mandate to resolve disputes. In the resolution of disputes, the Courts evaluate issues nominated by the respective parties in light of the facts of the case and extant laws. In reaching its decisions in the case under review, the court considered the legal implication of the evidence of police officers and the tilting of the burden of proof. The Court further considered the quantum and quality of evidence required to meet the standard of proof in civil and criminal proceedings. The court held that the evidence required to discharge the burden of proof in criminal matters is on proof beyond reasonable doubt. However, this does not translate to proving the crime alleged beyond all shades of doubt. In considering these positions of the Supreme Court, this study examines the legal issue of admissibility and validity of completed election result forms given to the police. The study takes the stance that results given to the police are authentic and valid evidence to establish cases of mutilation of scores, over voting and unlawful exclusion of votes. The study finds that exclusion of votes by a Returning Officer is unlawful and an act ultra vires the power of the Returning Officer. The law empowers the Presiding Officer to exclude votes. Any vote excluded by the Returning Officer constitutes unlawful exclusion of votes. The Courts usually countenance votes that were unlawfully excluded; that was the situation in the case under review. The case under review could easily be said to have been fought and won on the law governing burden and standard of proof. The study, in the final analysis, finds that the respondents, especially INEC misconceived the concept and this resulted in the loss of the matter. The respondents did not call witnesses or tender documents to establish their respective positions, even in extreme cases where they raised fundamental issues of law.The decision of the Supreme Court is final. The finality of the decision of the Supreme Court carries with it the effect of infallibility; a status acquired merely by virtue of it being the final court. The Tuesday, January 14, 2020 decision of the Supreme Court followed with it a gale of criticisms. While some of the concerns shared appears justifiable both in principle and at law, the hastiness of the decision which failed to accommodate obvious circumstances at law leaves so much to be desired. That decision for the umpteenth time terminated the tenure of a sitting governor. Whether that decision was right or wrong, is what this paper seeks to determine in detail. The paper considers the justifiability or otherwise of opinions expressed in reaction to the decision and also seeks to examine the relevance of the decision in the light of the recent amended Electoral Act, 2022.

The necessity of prospect evaluation is undisputed both to translate geology into figures and to expand the uncertainty implicit in hydrocarbon exploration. In this study, the hydrocarbon potential of STOKED field in offshore coastal swamp Niger delta was evaluated to obtain more information about the structures, stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential of the field from available seismic and a suite of well logs data. The method adopted involves delineation of lithologies from Gamma ray log, Identification of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs unit from resistivity log, well to well correlation across the field, fault interpretation and horizon mapping, time to depth conversion, Attribute extraction determination of petrophysical parameters and volumetric estimation. One Major and twelve minor faults were interpreted mapped from the well correlation carried out across the four wells in the NE-SW Direction. Two reservoirs were interpreted, and the seed grids generated three top time structure maps. The attribute maps were used to establish the diagnostic ability of 3D seismic attribute analysis in enhancing seismic interpretation and volumetric estimation. Map based volumetrics was calculated and the stock tank oil initially in place estimated is 85 mmstb for reservoir A while reservoir B was inconclusive as the area extended outside the extent of the seismic. The result from the petrophysical analysis and property modelling has shown that the reservoirs have porosity values that range from 17 - 24%, and water saturation ranges from 11 - 56%. Results from this study have shown that, away from currently producing zone at the central part of the field, additional leads and prospects exist, which could be further evaluated for hydrocarbon production.