DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

Five (05) clay samples were obtained from various locations in Uzebba and its environs with the aim of ascertaining its mineralogical and geochemical compositions, qualifying the clay samples and determining its economic potentials. The results obtained showed the predominance of SiO2 (62.23 to 77.48 wt.%), Al2O3 (13.50 to 18.88wt.%), Fe2O3 (0.83 to 13.83 wt.%), TiO2 (2.15 to 3.05 wt.%), CaO (0.20 to 1.05wt.%) with traces of MnO (0.02 to 0.03 wt.%), P2O5 (0.03 to 0.23 wt.%) and K2O(0.87-0.39wt.%), respectively. The mineralogical results showed that quartz was predominant in all the samples (51.00 to 64.00%) followed by Orthoclase (4.20 to 20.00%) and Kaolinite (11.00 to 16.80%). From the results obtained it shows that the Uzebba clay is kaolinitic in nature. The clay minerals found in the study area is suitable for ceramic, glass, paint, paper and refractory bricks production.

In this study, remote sensing data were integrated into GIS softwares for lithological mapping. The Landsat 8 OLI data were processed in order to see the lithological distribution in Akoko Edo area, Southern Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, products of Landsat 8 OLI digital data such as false color composite images (7, 5, 2 in RGB) and a band rationing image (6/7, 6/5, 4/2) were generated. Products of image processing improved lithological discrimination. Image classification was used to recognize and discriminate between the different rock units. In the result, four major classes were generated with two major geological features namely granite and migmatite with Bare earth surface and vegetation making up about 52% of the surface. The major geological features covered about 48% of the region. The band ratio classification using maximum likelihood classification was fairly accurate and matched the geologic map of Akoko Edo. The methodological approach used in this study for lithological mapping can be used to explore for mineral deposits, so more field works should be done to validate the gotten data and improve this method.

One hundred (100) ditch cutting samples from OK-1 well, Greater Ughelli Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin, Southern Nigeria, collected from Research and Development Division of Shell Petroleum Development Company was subjected to lithological analysis with the aim of identifying the lithofacies, lithozones, source rocks and seal or caprocks of the analyzed section of the well. The lithological analysis was carried out between six thousand, one hundred and forty (6140ft) and twelve thousand, seven hundred and forty (12740ft). Various lithofacies, together with their associated mineral units were observed mainly by visual examination, taking note of grain sizes, shapes, color, sorting patterns, presence of plant materials and lignitemstreaks of the samples provided. Results of the lithological analysis yielded two (2) lithofacies, which include shale and sandy shale, with presence of plant materials and streaks of lignite, and as a result six (6) lithozones were established. All the lithofacies within the analyzed section of The well were regarded as potential source rocks, because they satisfied the lithological characteristics of source rocks. Seal or caprocks potential of the analyzed section could not however be totally ascertained, because the shales and sandy shales were not observed to be deposited on a reservoir rock by reason of their stratigraphic position, despite satisfying the lithological characteristics of seal or caprock. The analyzed section 6140ft- 12740ft of the OK-1 well was inferred to be the Agbada Formation (paralic sequence) of the Niger Delta Basin, by reason of depth and lithofacies within the section which are basically shale and lesser percentages of sand particles

The Niger Delta is a complex and dynamic sedimentary basin located offshore Nigeria. The Delta Field within this region has been a significant hydrocarbon producer. Understanding the sequence stratigraphy of this area is crucial for exploration and production activities. This study aims to analyze the stratigraphic framework, depositional environments, and sequence architecture of the Delta Field using well logs, seismic data, and core samples. By integrating these data, we aim to identify the key stratigraphic units, depositional sequences, and their correlation across the field. This research will provide valuable insights into the geological history and hydrocarbon potential of the Niger Delta, aiding in future exploration and reservoir characterization efforts

This study examines the geochemical and mineralogical compositions of five meta-sedimentaryrock samples from Ofu-Eba, Southwest Nigeria, focusing on marble, metaconglomerateandquartzite. One sample was taken from the Ugbogbo area (UGB5), two fromthe Ofu-Ebaarea(EBA3 & EBA4), and two from the Ogbe area (OGB1 & OGB2). Marble (OGB1 &OGB2) hadvery high CaO (87-88%), which set it apart from metaconglomerates (EBA3 &EBA4), whichwere enriched in SiO2 (61-73%) and Al2O3 (7-11%), and quartzite (UGB5), which showedhighSiO2 (70%) and K2O, according to geochemical data (Table 2). These results were supportedbymineralogical investigations (Table 1), which showed a carbonate protolith in marble sampleswith calcite (28–37%) predominating and substantial quartz (35–36%) and orthoclase (27–29%). A siliciclastic origin was suggested by the metaconglomerates' high quartz content (36–38%), feldspars (orthoclase 18–22%, anorthite), and mica (biotite, muscovite). The matrix of quartzitewas primarily composed of quartz (63%), which is indicative of a metamorphic rockthat isextremely siliceous. These variances show a distinct compositional divergence betweenthesilicate-rich metaconglomerates, the highly siliceous quartzite, and the carbonate-richmarble, reflecting variations in protolith composition and metamorphic grade. The results showthevarious metamorphic processes that have sculpted these meta-sedimentary rocks, whichadvances our understanding of the geological evolution of the Ofu-Eba region

This study was undertaken to determine the quality of surface, harvested and ground water of IGBANKE in Orihionmwan area of Edo State, southern Nigeria. Five water samples were collected from harvested water (well), four from surface water (river), and one from bore hole. The result of the analysis showed that appearance (clear), Calcium (0.185-0.445), Manganese (<0.05), Magnesium (0.106-0.124), Nitrate (0.004-0.011), Iron (0.008-0.109), Phosphate (0.000-0.006), Zinc (0.006-0.0015), Cu (<0.05), Cr (0<0.05) , Ammonium-N (0.003-0.008), Sulphate (0.006-0.026), Electric conduction (28-88) and pH (5.42-5.87). The results gotten were compared with the World Health Organization standard (W.H.O) 1995, to determine quality of the water. From the result, all the parameter falls within the permissible limit for drinking water set by World Health Organization (W.H.O.)

This research delves into the elements that lead to the creation of gullies, with a particular emphasis on the soil attributes at the gully location of the University of Benin. Soil samples were extracted from three distinct points at the site. A series of examinations were performed on these samples to ascertain their soil properties, encompassing sieve analysis, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, compaction, and triaxial tests. The results of the various tests reveals that soil samples had a medium liquid limit and relatively low plasticity for the Atterberg limits. There is a specific gravity range of 2.61 to 2.64 for the soil samples classifying them as organic soils according to classification system proposed by Bowles (2012). The compaction test revealed that soil retains a significant amount of moisture even when compacted to its densest state. The triaxial test revealed that the soil exhibits a relatively low friction angle coupled with substantial cohesion. And finally the sieve analysis shed light on the particle size distribution in the soil samples, which exhibit a reddish-brown coloration and are located below the A-line on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) chart, classifying them as silts. Known for their moderate infiltration rates, these silts contribute to increased surface runoff, which is a key factor in gully development.

Three soil tests were gathered from the Ogheghe people group, Benin City, Edo state. The examples were exposed to a few research facility tests which included; Dampness content assurance, Atterberg limit (fluid breaking point and plastic cutoff), Molecule size examination, Explicit gravity, Compaction test, and California bearing proportion tests. As far as possible pliancy records are 53.87%, 32.59%, 35.13%, 14.81%, and 36.86%, 15.92% separately. The most extreme dry thickness and ideal dampness content qualities are 1.60g/cm3, 1.65g/cm3, 1.74g/cm3 and 14.2%, 11.4%, and 13.4% separately. Results acquired were
contrasted and the writing and the Government Service of Works and Lodging (FMWH) necessities, demonstrating these dirts are really great for filling and subgrade in street development. In any case, I recommend that more examination ought to be directed to decide their appropriateness for use in other design developments.

The work embraces the use of inorganic geochemistry for stratigraphic study. In order to further ascertain the sediments provenance, paleo-redox, tectonic settings, and sandstone classification, ditch cutting samples from the X-well on the Niger Delta Basin were collected. According to the geochemical results, the trace element ratios of V/Cr and U/Th indicated an oxic environment for deposition. The source of the sediments was felsic rock, as shown by bivariate plots of Ni vs Tio2, La/Sc vs Th/Co, and trace elemental ratios of Th/Sc, Th/Co, Cr/Th, and La/Sc.The graphs of K2O/Na2O versus SiO2 and Log (K2O/Na2O) versus Log (SiO2/Al2O3). were dominated by the passive margin zone. The sediments were classified by various chemical sandstone classification systems as sublitharenite, Fe-rich sand, and very little quartzarenite.

The palynofacies and petrography of the Gbekebo well in the Dahomey Basin are thoroughly examined in this project. Using petrographic analysis and palynological data (palynofacies), the study seeks to evaluate the well's depositional environment and examine its sedimentary components. Combining these methods has helped with oil and gas development in the Dahomey Basin by shedding light on the region's reservoir features and paleoenvironmental conditions.
In order to explore the region's hydrocarbon potential, the Gbekebo well was drilled in the
Dahomey Basin. The palynofacies and petrographic examination of the well's sedimentary sequences are the main subjects of this investigation.
To identify and measure different organic matter components, such as terrestrial palynomorphs (pollen, spores, plant debris), marine palynomorphs (dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs), amorphous organic matter (AOM), and inertinite, palynofacies analysis entailed the preparation and microscopic examination of palynological slides. Rebuilding the paleoenvironment, identifying
the terrestrial versus marine origin of organic matter, and determining the degree of oxidation
during deposition are all made possible by this research. Different palynofacies were identified
based on the distribution and relative abundance of these elements, and these were subsequently
connected with particular depositional environments.
Thin slices of rock samples were subjected to petrographic investigation in order to ascertain the
sedimentary rocks' mineralogical composition and textural properties. This required utilising
polarised light microscopy to identify and measure the framework grains, matrix and cement.
The findings will help to improve the stratigraphic framework and offer insightful information for
upcoming hydrocarbon exploration projects in the area. Additionally, this research will improve
our knowledge of the petrography, and palynofacies of the well.