DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

Five (05) granitic rock samples from Igarra-Ugbogbo area in Akoko-Edo Local Government Area of Southwestern Nigeria were obtained with the aim of determining their geochemical and mineralogical properties using XRF, XRD techniques. Results of the analysis revealed the presence of SiO2 (62.05-79.63wt.%), Al2O3 (10.88-15.10wt.%), Fe2O3(T)* (0.37- 6.29wt.%), K2O (0.89- 8.248wt.%), Na2O (0.17-10.02wt.%) and CaO (0.32-4.68wt.%). The abundance of these major oxides in the samples showed that samples OGB01 and GB05 are felsic magma while UNE02 is probably from a pegmatitic magma and EFU03 and GBO04 are most likely formed from an intermediate magma. Using Al2O3 classification scheme, its showed that OGB01 and UNE02 are peraluminous while EFU03, GBO04, OGB05 are peralkaline. The XRD analysis revealed the presence of quartz, alkali eldspars (microcline, orthoclase and sanidine), plagioclase feldspars (albite and anorthite), muscovite, lime, geothite. The modal composition of the quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase were plotted on a QAP diagram which showed that the rock falls within the granite and Quartz-rich granitiod.

This study presents an integrated approach to reservoir delineation and prospect identification in the Indraz Field, onshore Niger Delta, utilizing 3D seismic data and well logs. The primary objective was to construct a robust static reservoir model by synthesizing structural interpretation with quantitative petrophysical and seismic attribute analysis. The methodology encompassed a comprehensive workflow within the Schlumberger Petrel software environment, including seismic to-well tie, fault and horizon mapping, depth conversion, and the extraction of key amplitude-based attributes (RMS, Maximum, Average, and Mean Amplitude). Well log analysis identified a laterally continuous reservoir sand, with fluid diagnostics confirming hydrocarbon presence in specific wells. Structural interpretation revealed a complex system of listric growth faults forming a fault-bounded anticlinal closure. Crucially, the integration of depth structure maps with seismic attribute anomalies identified three distinct prospects (A, B, and C). The analysis demonstrates a classic case of hydrocarbon bypass, where the primary accumulation (Prospect A) is located at the structurally highest crest of the anticline, separate from the existing well control which encountered the marginal accumulations (Prospects B and C). The prospects were ranked based on the conformance of strong amplitude anomalies to structural closure, with Prospect A being the highest-priority target. This research concludes that the integrated application of seismic structural and attribute analysis is indispensable for accurate reservoir characterization and de-risking exploration targets in the structurally complex settings of the Niger Delta, providing a clear strategy for future field development

An integrated approach using seismic information was employed for subsurface mapping of SULU reservoir of the Niger Delta basin. The aim of this study was directed towards the generation of a subsurface map, determination of the subsurface structural features for hydrocarbon and prediction of prospecting of the reservoir. The methods employed include analysis of 3D seismic data using Petrel software: faults and horizon deductions from the seismic section were used to generate structural maps which revealed different structural styles present in the studied area and extraction of amplitude. A distinct horizon was mapped. From the horizon nine faults (with five been major) were mapped for the purpose of carrying 3D subsurface structural interpretation. These were used in generating the time structure maps using the Petrel Interpretational tool. The results show that the trapping mechanisms in the field are favourable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Two principal structural trapping mechanisms presents are the rollover anticline and the simple anticline. This study has demonstrated and appreciate the importance of seismic structural interpretation in generation of subsurface maps of reservoir, understanding the structural styles present, amplitude extraction for
prospect ranking.

This study was carried out in the southwestern part of Nigeria in Ondo State which lies within Latitude 7° 09’ 50.1” and 7° 12’ 20.6”N, and Longitude 5° 13’ 30.5”E and 5° 14’ 30.1”, with the aim of assessing the physical, microbial and chemical parameters of the groundwater. Random sampling technique was employed in obtaining water samples from both the surface and groundwater in the study area. A sterilized one liter plastic bottle was used to collect water samples and were immediately transported to the laboratory for physico-chemical and microbial analysis. A total of ten (10) water samples were collected; seven (7) groundwater samples and three (3) river samples. The physicochemical parameters determined and values obtained are as follows: Electrical conductivity ranged 300 and 960us/cm, Temperature 25.00 to 25.01℃, pH of 6.6-9.2 with a mean value of 6.9, TDS shows a mean valve of 25.69mg/l, COD from 5-18.4 mg/liter with mean value of 10.65mg/liter, Turbidity ranged 1.5 to 6.0 NTU with mean valve of 1.03NTU, Cl- 106.50 to 426.00mg/l, SO42- 0.41 to 2.87 mg/l, TSS shows a mean value of 0.411mg/l, TS 1.33 to 4.33 mg/l, NO3- 23.73 to 41.48mg/l, Mg ranged from 0.42 to 0.67 mg/liter which is within the WHO limit with mean valve of 0.41mg/l, Ca 0.10 to 0.41 mg/l, HCO3- 7.00 to 22.00mg/l, Na ranged from 2.8 to 3.9 mg/liter with mean value of 1.47mg/litre, K 0.41 to 1.20 mg/l, Mn 0.01 to 0.11 mg/l, Fe 0.01 to 0.02 mg/l, Zn 0.01 to 0.65 mg/l, PO4- 0.07 mg/l for all locations. Pb showed a mean value of 0. 011mg/litre. Result of analysis revealed that the ground and surface water in the study area appears to be generally potable, due to concentration of heavy metals being mostly under/within the WHO standard regulation. The pH, salinity and electrical conductivityin the study area was moderate. The colour for some samples were brownish – colourless. The presence of microbial organisms in water is from sewages, septic tanks, and animal faeces. The surface water found within the study area is Ofuso River. The water quality in the study area is generally potable.

"The Niger Delta is a complex and dynamic sedimentary basin located offshore Nigeria. The Delta
Field within this region has been a significant hydrocarbon producer. Understanding the sequence stratigraphy of this area is crucial for exploration and production activities. This study aims to analyze the stratigraphic framework, depositional environments, and sequence architecture of the Delta Field using well logs, seismic data, and core samples. By integrating these data, we aim to identify the key stratigraphic units, depositional sequences, and their correlation across the field. This research will provide valuable insights into the geological history and hydrocarbon potential of the Niger Delta, aiding in future exploration and reservoir characterization efforts."

Ten (10) samples collected from six (06) different locations around Dagballa area in Akoko-Edo area, Southern Nigeria, were studied using field, geochemical and petrographical analysis to determine the relative abundance and distribution of major and minor elements present in the samples. The ten (10) samples comprise nine (09) pegmatite samples and one augen gneiss (01)sample which is the host rock are delineated as DA1-10 for easy recognition. Sampling interval for the rock samples varied depending on the aerial extent of each outcrop and fieldenvironmental conditions encountered. DA1 and DA2 were obtained from location 1, DA3 and DA4 from location 2, DA5 and DA6 from location 3, DA7 and DA8 from location 4, DA9 was obtained from location 5 and DA10 was obtained from location 6. The pegmatites in the Dagballa, area occurs as intrusions and is hosted by Augen-Gneiss. There is the presence of a sharp zonation and chilled margin in the first three locations encountered. The estimated contact between the pegmatite and the granite-gneiss is 30m. From thin section analysis, the pegmatites from Dagballa consist of quartz and feldspar minerals with microcline and albite being the dominant feldspar minerals present in most of the samples. Also, muscovite, biotite, opaque and other accessory minerals are present in minute quantities. Composite whole-rock samples were analyzed for major and minor oxides using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF). The results reveal the pegmatites are very siliceous with SiO2 values of 66.75 wt.% to 74.75 wt.%. Al2O3 values are relatively moderate between14.57 wt.% to 15.61 wt.%. Na2O and K2O abundances are low and ranges between 2.76 wt.% to 5.56 wt.% and 3.50 wt.% to 8.43 wt.% respectively. MgO abundances are generally low (0.05-0.20 wt.%). Fe2O3 abundances are generally low between 0.30-0.47 wt.% with the exception been the abundance (5.82 wt.%) probably obtained from the host rock. Alumina saturation index (A/CNK) computation with values ranging from 1.160 to 1.738 indicates the rock samples are all peraluminous and therefore indicate S-type granite.

Five (5) marble samples from Igue and Environs in Southern Nigeria were obtained with the aim of qualifying the marble using XRF as well as XRD techniques and determining its economic importance. The major element composition of the marble deposit shows it has a mean chemical composition of CaO (91.14 wt. %), MgO (0.64 wt. %), SiO2 (4.17 wt. %), K2O (0.16 wt. %), Al2O3 (2.57 wt. %) and Fe2O3 (0.40 wt. %), respectively. The modal composition of the marble is, Calcite (65.1 %), Quartz (14.74 %), Orthoclase (7.66 %), Lime (6.5 %) and Illite (5.96 %). The results of the analysis revealed that the Igue marble is highly calcitic in composition. The ternary plot tends towards CaO and CaCO3 which confirms the former. Subject to beneficiation, Igue marble can be used for cement production. Igue marble is also used for sculpture, tiles, chips and decorative purposes. It is suggested that detailed trace element analysis should be carried out on the marble.

Water quality assessment of Ashaka Community has been carried out using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the prevalent parameters during wet and dry seasons respectively. The total of ten (10) samples; nine (9) groundwater and one (1) surface water sample(s) were collected at random to cover the area of study during both seasons. The results showed that pH, EC, Cl, TSS and alkalinity were the most prevalent parameters in both seasons. Furthermore, other parameters measured besides pH, E-Coli and Coliform counts were below the values set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and World Health Organization (WHO). The high values of E-Coli and Coliform counts revealed the presence of biological contaminants in the water. The moderately acidic values obtained in the water samples and the high concentration of E-Coli and Coliform counts rendered the water unfit for drinking except routine treatment is administered( a neutralizing filter is used if drinking water is acidic to raise the pH to neutral synthetic magnesium oxide treats water with pH less than 6). However, the quality of water in the area can be used for crops production.

Five (05) clay samples were obtained from various locations in Uzebba and its environs with the aim of ascertaining its mineralogical and geochemical compositions, qualifying the clay samples and determining its economic potentials. The results obtained showed the predominance of SiO2 (62.23 to 77.48 wt.%), Al2O3 (13.50 to 18.88wt.%), Fe2O3 (0.83 to 13.83 wt.%), TiO2 (2.15 to 3.05 wt.%), CaO (0.20 to 1.05wt.%) with traces of MnO (0.02 to 0.03 wt.%), P2O5 (0.03 to 0.23 wt.%) and K2O(0.87-0.39wt.%), respectively. The mineralogical results showed that quartz was predominant in all the samples (51.00 to 64.00%) followed by Orthoclase (4.20 to 20.00%) and Kaolinite (11.00 to 16.80%). From the results obtained it shows that the Uzebba clay is kaolinitic in nature. The clay minerals found in the study area is suitable for ceramic, glass, paint, paper and refractory bricks production.

In this study, remote sensing data were integrated into GIS softwares for lithological mapping. The Landsat 8 OLI data were processed in order to see the lithological distribution in Akoko Edo area, Southern Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, products of Landsat 8 OLI digital data such as false color composite images (7, 5, 2 in RGB) and a band rationing image (6/7, 6/5, 4/2) were generated. Products of image processing improved lithological discrimination. Image classification was used to recognize and discriminate between the different rock units. In the result, four major classes were generated with two major geological features namely granite and migmatite with Bare earth surface and vegetation making up about 52% of the surface. The major geological features covered about 48% of the region. The band ratio classification using maximum likelihood classification was fairly accurate and matched the geologic map of Akoko Edo. The methodological approach used in this study for lithological mapping can be used to explore for mineral deposits, so more field works should be done to validate the gotten data and improve this method.