2024

Climate change poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges globally, and Nigeria is no exception. This study examines the legal framework for combating climate change in Nigeria, with a focus on the policies, laws, and regulatory mechanisms designed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, promote sustainable development, and enhance resilience to climate-related risks. Through a comprehensive review of national legislation, international treaties, and policy instruments, including the Nigerian Climate Change Act, the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act, and Nigeria’s commitments under the Paris Agreement, the study highlights the strengths and gaps in the current legal regime. Key challenges identified include inadequate enforcement mechanisms, limited public awareness, and insufficient integration of climate change considerations into sectoral laws. The study concludes that while Nigeria has made important legal strides in addressing climate change, effective implementation, harmonization of laws, and stronger institutional capacity are critical to achieving sustainable environmental outcomes. Recommendations include strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing inter-agency coordination, and promoting public participation in climate governance.

Sustainability impact assessment is a tedious exercise to determine if a project is worthwhile by subjecting it to different methods of analysis. In this project, an assessment was conducted on utilizing synthesis gas as a substitute to conventional fossil fuels such as gasoline, for household power generation. The methods embarked on in the course of study included the Life Cycle Analysis, Techno- Economic Assessment, and Cost Benefit Analysis. Global warming potential (GWP) of utilizing syngas was checked for and it was seen that it was gotten to be 0.111kg CO2 equivalent and its acidification potential is 4.4E-4kg SO2 equivalent and human toxicity potential is 8.86E-2kg, 1-4 DB equivalent. It showed promise of being an eco-friendly method of power generation. In regards to the economic assessment, it was found that the Levelized Cost of Electricity was ₦34.009/kWh and this is seen definitely as a cheaper option than that offered by the current distribution rate seen in the country. The NPV as at the end of 20 years was seen to be - ₦157,606.95. Methods of reducing this and making it a positive value was also explored. This included reducing the cost of Operation and Maintenance by 30% and the Biomass cost by 40%. In summary, synthesis gas has a very exciting future in the process of power generation. The findings offer scientific proof for the design and deployment of the hybrid technology to improve energy security, while reducing carbon emissions. Overall, this study brings to light the potential benefits of biomass energy systems and encourages the implementation of sustainable practices regarding energy for a greener future.

Background:Drug therapy problems(DTPs)are a major healthcare challenge which are associated with increased cost of treatment, misdiagnosis, increased length of hospitalization, decreased patient satisfaction with care and increased morbidity and mortality. Pharmacists play a crucial role in optimising medication use and improving patient outcomes within hospitals. Their clinical interventions span medication reconciliation, drug-drug interaction identification, dosage adjustments, and therapeutic optimisation.However,the extent and impact of these interventions often remain undocumented hindering both individual
pharmacist accountability and the evaluation of pharmacy services on patient care. Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the drug therapy problem documented by clinical pharmacists at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital(UBTH) Benin between April 2015 and April 2024.Method:This is a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in thirteen pharmacy
departments of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital(UBTH),Benin. All DTPs identified and interventions made by clinical pharmacists evidenced by documentation were extracted. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis of clinical pharmacist interventions.The prescribers’ acceptance rate of the pharmacists' recommendation on the identified drug therapy problem was calculated by dividing the number of accepted interventions by the total number of interventions and then multiplying by 100.
Result: A total of 986 drug therapy problems were identified during the study with 48.17% of them being identified in 2023 as compared to 0% drug therapy problems in 2017. Between 2015 and 2020, only 189 DTPs were documented across the various pharmacy departments.COPD-NHIS documented the most DTPs with 135 drug therapy problems representing 13.7% v of the total DTPs documented while Main Theatre pharmacy recorded the fewest DTPs, accounting for only 1.4% (14) of the DTPs. Dosage too high is the most prevalent DTP occurring 363 times representing 36.8% whereas inappropriate adherence is the least prevalent occurring 15 times and accounting for 1.5% of the DTPs. About 22.2% (219) of these interventions were directetowards paediatrics (below 12 years) and 31.7% (313) to adults (>19 years). Antibiotics were the most affected drug occurring 249 times accounting for 25.1% of the drugs affected.It's closely followed by antihypertensives occurring 103 representing10.4%and closely followed by centrally acting drugs with 91 occurrences accounting for 9.2% of the drugs affected. About 22.1% (218) of the interventions were directed towards the males and 29.0% (286) towards the females. Of the 986 DTPs recorded, the prescribers were contacted 851 times and they accepted 847 pharmacists’ recommendations.Conclusion: Over a decade, the documented drug therapy problems (DTPs) were surprisingly low for a major teaching hospital. A review of the recorded DTPs revealed a notable proportion occurred in females, while a smaller proportion affected males, and a significant number lacked gender documentation.A significant proportion of the interventions were focused on pediatric patients under12years old, while a notable proportion was directed toward adults over 19 years old. All 7 classes of DTPs were represented with a dosage too high being the most prevalent DTP while inappropriate adherence is the least prevalent.All drug therapy problems recorded were resolved.The prescribers demonstrated a remarkably high acceptance rate of the pharmacists'recommendations for the identified drugtherapy problem, with nearly all suggested interventions being implemented, indicating a strong collaborative approach to addressing drug therapy problems

This experiment aimed to investigate the subchronic toxicity of Icacina trichantha ethanolic extract and its impact on the liver's biochemical and histological parameters in male Wistar rats. The research specifically focused on examining the potential positive or negative effects of the extract. The main objective was to evaluate liver function by analyzing various biochemical
parameters, including liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT), total protein, albumin, bilirubin, and lipid profile. Over a period of 28 days, twelve male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, with the first group serving as the control. The rats in the other groups were orally administered the extract in different solutions. After the specified time, the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture. The collected blood samples were then used to analyze the biochemical parameters. The histological examinations of the liver showed vasodilation, normal hepatocytes and activation of Kupffer cells. The results of this study indicate that Icacina trichantha has specific effects on Wistar rats, particularly in terms of regulating liver function, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. These specific effects suggest a complex interaction between the active compounds in the extract and the physiological processes of the rats. The observed changes in important biochemical markers demonstrate the potential of Icacina trichantha as a source of therapeutic bioactive compounds. However, caution should be exercised when using it, and further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and assess its safety and effectiveness in clinical settings. Nevertheless, these findings offer valuable insights into the specific effects of Icacina trichantha and provide a foundation for future investigations into its pharmacological potential. aminations of the liver revealed vasodilation, normal hepatocytes, and activation of Kupffer cells.

The study investigated self-esteem as a correlate of shyness among students with disabilities in secondary schools in Oredo Local Government. Four research questions guided this study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, and 100 learners with disabilities in Oredo Local Government participated in the study.

The research instrument consisted of a shyness and self-e teem scale, which was validated by the researcher’s supervisor and two other experts in the Department of Educational Evaluation and Counselling Psychology. The instrument was subjected to Cronbach’s alpha reliability testing, which showed a reliability coefficient of 0.71 and 0.73 for the shyness and self-esteem scales, respectively.

The findings revealed the prevalence of shyness among students with disabilities in public schools in Oredo Local Government. Furthermore, the study showed that shyness contributes to low self-esteem among these students. The study concluded that by addressing the psychological needs of learners with disabilities, educators and policymakers can create inclusive and supportive learning environments that promote the holistic development and well-being of students in secondary schools. The study recommended that school administrators and educators develop and implement targeted interventions within the school curriculum to address shyness among students with disabilities. Additionally, parents and caregivers should encourage and reinforce a positive self-image and sense of self-worth in children with disabilities.
Keywords: Self-esteem, Shyness, Students with Disabilities, Secondary Schools, Oredo Local Government, Inclusive Education If you want, I can also help you rewrite it in a more concise academic style suitable for publication in a journal—it would make it sound more professional and easier to read. Do you want me to do that?

Introduction: Ear infections, particularly otitis media, represent a common health concern globally, impacting individuals across diverse demographics. In developing countries like Nigeria, the prevalence and incidence of ear infections and demographics is not well documented. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, bacterial etiology, susceptibility patterns, and associated factors of ear infections among patients presenting with otitis symptoms thus contributing to the wealth of available knowledge on ear infections.
Methodology: This study evaluated 43 patients who visited the Ear, Nose and Throat clinic in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital for washing and check-up of their ear. Patient data and specimen were obtained at the study centre. Microbiology analysis as well as antimicrobial susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration determination were carried out in the specimen at the Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, using standard techniques.
Results: Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa accounted for the most predominant isolates from the specimens obtained from participants with vary susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics. Furthermore, results obtained revealed the presence of Klebsiella oxytoca and Enteriobacteria in the ear of respondents which is in contrast to what already exist in literature.
Conclusion: The study demonstrated the activity of specific antibiotics against bacteria isolates from ear infections both Gram-positive and Gram-negative present in the ear of patients in the study center.

The place of artificial intelligence in cultural pressure and human value has become a source of concern in our contemporary times. Cultural value remains one of the critical aspects of human development. Some scholars have argued that culture in contemporary human society serves as a moral teacher to the people. The purpose of this study is to critically examine the contemporary significance of artificial intelligence on cultural pressure and human value. The place of artificial intelligence in cultural pressure and human value has contemporary significance and very serious ethical implications. The concept of artificial intelligence is predicated on human creativity and it borders on human welfare. A conceptual clarification of artificial intelligence showcases the fact that it is a humanist philosophy. The objective of this research is that artificial intelligence showcases human prosperity. This research work is to take a cursory look at the contemporary influence of artificial intelligence on cultural development and human value. The study covers the ethical implications of artificial intelligence on cultural development and human value. Some human values have been eroded due to the emergence of artificial intelligence.

The purpose of this research study is to examine the influence of Social Media and Academic Performance on undergraduate students’ academic performance in Faculty of Education University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State. Research questions and
Research hypotheses guided the study. To achieve this, the descriptive survey research design was adopted. The study focused on Faculty of Education University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State hence, population consists of 120 students in different
Departments The simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of students. A Questionnaire type, titled: Social Media and Academic Performance of Students Questionnaire (SMAAPOS) was used to collect data from the participants. The descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentage, were used to analyze the demographic data. Research findings showed that a great number of students in Faculty of Education University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, are addicted to social
media. To this end, the researcher recommended that social media should be used for educational purposes as well; Social Networking Sites should be expanded and new pages should be created to enhance academic activities and avoid setbacks in the students’ academic performance; and Students should be monitored by Lectures on how they use these sites This is to create a balance between social media and academic activities of students to avoid setbacks in the academic performance of the
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This study analyzed the challenges faced by final-year guidance and counseling students at the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, during their teaching practice. Five research questions guided the investigation. The sample comprised 131 final-year guidance and counseling students from the Department of Educational Evaluation and Counseling Psychology. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to analyze the data, and hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 significance level. Findings revealed no significant gender differences in the challenges encountered by final-year guidance and counseling students during their teaching practice. The study concluded that the challenges faced by these students included a lack of teaching materials, overcrowded classrooms, unsupportive learning environments, and strained student-teacher relationships. The study suggested that the government ought to assign additional resources to the provision of educational materials, guaranteeing that guidance and counseling students possess the necessary tools for successful teaching practice implementation.

This study explored the optimization of the microwave aided biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a bio-waste catalyst derived from clamshell and cocoa pods via the Taguchi Optimization Approach.The bio-waste catalyst was synthesized by the carbonization and sulphuration of cocoa pods to produce an acid precursor, while clam shells was calcined and treated with KOH to create the basic precursor. Both precursors were then impregnated using the wet-impregnation method. The bi-functional catalyst produced was characterized using standard techniques to establish its catalytic potency.Characterization involved SEM,EDXRF,XRD,FTIR,BET/BJH techniques and GCMS for the oil and biodiesel .Also, a model was developed to simulate the process and examine the interactive effect of process input variables on Waste cooking oil(WCB)yield using the Taguchi L16 approach. A reusability test was used to evaluate the catalyst's commercial viability by analyzing its effects on WCB yield and Acid Value. This test was carried out over five consecutive runs with the catalyst cleaned using methanol and reused, based on the optimal circumstances. The BET analysis showed the catalyst to have a BET surface area of 393.3 m2/g, Pore volume and diameter 0.02349 cm3/g and 2.421 nm, respectively and the average micropore size calculated to be 5.520 nm in width and 0.1785 cc/g in volume, while the micropore surface area found to be 502.1 m2/g. From the XRF result it is seen that calcium oxide has 68.431% followed by phosphorous pentoxide which contains 13.527% .The best combination of the input variables determined for the process is a heating power of 600W, methanol:WCO of 15:1, time of 5 min,v reaction speed of 1000rpm and Catalyst loading of 2 wt% with an optimum WCB yield of 92.737 wt.% and AV of 0.408 mg KOH/g. It was shown that the WCB yield was significantly influenced by the reaction time, reaction speed,power of the reaction and the methanol to oil molar ratio but the catalystloading, reaction speed, power of reaction and reaction time were the factors that had the biggest influence on the AV of the WCB.The WCB produced met standard specifications for biodiesel according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 requirements.Applying a microwave to the WCO transesterification helped to speed up the reaction's completion.The study found that clam shells and cocoa pods are viable feedstock for low-cost, environmentally friendly biodiesel manufacturing