ANTIBIOGRAM

Ophthalmic infections are a major cause of ocular morbidity, and effective therapy depends on the potency of antibiotic eyedrops. The study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of four ophthalmic antibiotics namely: Ciprofloxacin (Ciprotab), Moxifloxacin, Gentamicin, and Chloramphenicol, tested across varying expiration intervals and at a single dilution level. Activity was assessed against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected eyes using disk diffusion and agar-well diffusion methods. The findings showed that Moxifloxacin demonstrated the broadest spectrum at both diluted and undiluted concentrations, effective against all bacterial isolates. Ciprofloxacin (Ciprotab) showed activity against E. coli and K. pneumoniae with the highest inhibition zone (25 mm), but was inactive against P. aeruginosa. Gentamicin showed activity against E. coli and K. pneumoniae (greater than 10 mm) but was inactive against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Chloramphenicol showed efficacy at both diluted and undiluted concentrations less than six months after expiration (greater 10 mm). However, diluted chloramphenicol samples less than one year before expiration showed no activity against all isolates (0). In conclusion, the study recommended that sensitivity test should be carried out on all bacterial isolates from pathogenic eye(s) before prescribing, to prevent antibiotic resistance. Also, patients should adhere strictly to antibiotic expiration dates and use eyedrops without dilution.

Introduction: Ear infections, particularly otitis media, represent a common health concern globally, impacting individuals across diverse demographics. In developing countries like Nigeria, the prevalence and incidence of ear infections and demographics is not well documented. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, bacterial etiology, susceptibility patterns, and associated factors of ear infections among patients presenting with otitis symptoms thus contributing to the wealth of available knowledge on ear infections.
Methodology: This study evaluated 43 patients who visited the Ear, Nose and Throat clinic in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital for washing and check-up of their ear. Patient data and specimen were obtained at the study centre. Microbiology analysis as well as antimicrobial susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration determination were carried out in the specimen at the Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology laboratory of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, using standard techniques.
Results: Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa accounted for the most predominant isolates from the specimens obtained from participants with vary susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics. Furthermore, results obtained revealed the presence of Klebsiella oxytoca and Enteriobacteria in the ear of respondents which is in contrast to what already exist in literature.
Conclusion: The study demonstrated the activity of specific antibiotics against bacteria isolates from ear infections both Gram-positive and Gram-negative present in the ear of patients in the study center.