IMPACT

War is an organized large-scale conflict between countries or national, ethnic, or other sizable groups, usually involving the engagement of military forces. As a form of conflict, it is a part and parcel of life and it can be said that just as peace is as old as the humankind, war is as old as creation. Conflicts are disagreements between individuals, groups and even sometimes nation states. In the case of nation states and ethnic groups, a mismanaged conflict may lead to actual warfare. Thus, conflict could be regarded as a fore-runner to actual warfare. Evidently, war disrupts society by causing massive displacements of people, devastation of economies and interruption of societal programme. A civil war is a conflict between groups within a single country, like the American Civil War between the north and south. Most wars are fought between different countries. However, in a civil war, a country has become divided, and factions within the country are battling each other. Therefore a civil war is a war between organized groups within
the same state or country in which the aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government

The Nigerian civil war often referred to as the Biafra war, is deeply ranked among the most tragic events that have left an indelible mark on the sand of time, in the historical of human existence especially with reference to the political landscape known as Nigeria. It remains an important and emotive episode that contributed in shaping the history of Nigerian to what we know at present. The war was a culmination of an uneasy peace and stability that had plagued the Nigerian state from independence in 1960.1 The two and half years (July 6th, 1967 - 14th February, 1970) was greeted with a sudden, though highly anticipated declaration of independence by the eastern region of Nigeria, under the name; “The Republic of Biafra”, under the leadership of Late LT. General Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu. This is the generation of the war that almost terminated the political existence of Nigeria as a sovereign
independent state. Upon that declaration, the Federal government moved to stop the disintegration of the country through secession; the action which resulted in an all-out war between the two factions. Although the civil war was fought from 1967 to 1970, the conflict
had far reaching ramifications on the country both in terms of the geopolitical changes and the lives of its citizens. Among those most profoundly affected by the war were the innocent and vulnerable children especially in Igbo land, including Onitsha children.

Background: Chronic disease such as diabetes and hypertension have become significant public health concerns worldwide. Effective self-care behavior amongst these patients is crucial for successful management of their health and prevention of complications. With the emergence of
mobile health technology there is a vast growing interest in utilizing this technology to facilitate and improve self-care behaviors amongst patients
Aim: To assess the impact of the "MedPlan Mobile App," an mHealth solution, on self-care behavior among hypertensive and diabetic patients at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Method: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted was used to collect data
on self-care behaviors and the use of the "MedPlan Mobile App” among hypertensive and diabetic patients. Out of the 280 questionnaires distributed, 267 were completed and used . Key findings: The largest demographic groups in the study were respondents aged 46-55 (44.2%), males (50.2%), and those diagnosed with a chronic condition for 1- <5 years (46.1%). Usage of the MedPlan mobile app, 68.4% reported using it most of the time or always, and 64.7% monitored their blood pressure/glucose levels regularly (most of the time or always). 69.9% reported using the App medication reminder feature and 70.3% found the video health tips feature useful (useful or very useful). Cronbach's Alpha, is high at 0.827. The t-value is 11.921, and the p-value is 0.000, indicating a significant positive association.
Conclusion: there is relationship between the duration of using the "MedPlan Mobile App" and the improvement of self-care behaviors among hypertensive and diabetic patients, there are some factors that influence patient engagement and adoption of the "MedPlan Mobile App", and there are challenges that hypertensive and diabetic patients face in adopting and using the "MedPlan Mobile App" to improve their self-care behaviors.

The persistent burden of malaria in sub-Sahara Africa despite different interventions spanning decades makes it a major public health concern, especially in this region. The study was aimed at investigating how malaria infection affects these hemorheologic factors (haematocrit, fibrinogen and whole blood viscosity) and understand their implications in the severity of the disease. This research was conducted at the University ofBenin, Benin City, on a a total of 35 students within the age range of 18-25 years. Blood samples were collected from the participant and tested for haematocrit, fibrinogen and whole blood viscosity using a micro hematocrit centrifuge, the clauss method, reid and ugwu method respectively. Twenty five students who had no traces of malaria infection were used as control. Results showed a non-significant decrease in Packed Cell Volume (PCV) in the test subjects when compared with the control subjects. There was also no significant increase in fibrinogen level and whole blood viscosity between the test subjects and the control subjects. However, on the basis of sex, the malaria-infected males showed marked difference in their haemorrhegic factors when compared to the non-infected control male subjects. While the haemorrhaegic factors of the malaria-infected female subjects did not differ significantly from the haemorrhaegic factors of the female control subjects. Thus, implying that the male subjects were responsible for the significant difference observed in the overall number of malaria-infected subjects in this study, due to slight changes in PCV Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the haemorrhaegic factors between the groups of control subjects overall and on the basis of sex. It can thus, be concluded that malaria infection does have an impact on haemorrhegic factors. In view of the attempts at eliminating malaria in sub-sahara Africa, everyone in the region must contribute their quota to its elimination.

Background: The study was carried out to examine the cause-effect relationship between monetary policy and foreign trade in Nigeria between 1981 and 2023. Objectives: the study were to determine the impact of exchange rate, money supply (M2) monetary policy rate, credit to private sector on foreign trade. Methods: The study adopted Descriptive statistics, Co-integration, Unit root test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method of analysis. The data used for this study were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin and World Bank Development Indicators. Pre-estimation tests were
carried out on each of the variables using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test to avoid spurious regression results. The cointegration test result showed that long-run equilibrium relationship exists between monetary policy and foreign trade in Nigeria. The empirical analysis was conducted using the methodology of Error Correction Model (ECM) approach.

This study examines the impact of monetary policy on banking sector stability in Nigeria from 2010 to 2024, using Return on Equity (ROE) as a proxy for stability and analyzing the effects of Monetary Policy Rate (MPR), Inflation Rate (INF), Exchange Rate (EXR), and Broad Money Supply (MS). The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach is employed. The short-run results indicate significant negative effects of money supply (coefficient -0.131599, p=0.0117) and inflation (coefficient -0.223254, p=0.0142) on ROE, with MPR showing a mixed impact (positive initially, coefficient 0.222074, p=0.0856; negative lagged, coefficient -0.216642, p=0.0897), and exchange rate being insignificant. Long-run results show no significant effects (p-values 0.61880.9607), supported by the ARDL bounds test (F-statistic 2.23869), though the Johansen test suggests two cointegrating relationships (p=0.0203, 0.027). The Error Correction Model indicates a weak adjustment process (coefficient 0.113123, p=0.5859), reflecting structural inefficiencies. Diagnostic tests confirm model robustness with normal residuals (Jarque-Bera p=0.451992), homoskedasticity (Breusch-Pagan Godfrey p=0.1132), and no significant serial correlation (Breusch-Godfrey p=0.1101). The findings highlight that monetary policy significantly influences banking stability in the short run Through liquidity and inflation but has limited long-run impact due to weak policy transmission. The recommendations by the study include cautious monetary expansion, robust inflation targeting, exchange rate stabilization, and enhanced banking resilience through stricter regulations. Addressing structural rigidities is also crucial for improving monetary policy effectiveness and ensuring sustainable banking sector stability in Nigeria which will ultimately contribute to broader economic growth.

The aim of this study was examine the impact of Covid-19 on small and medium scale enterprise in Edo State. Four research questions were raised to guide this study. What extent does the COVID-19 pandemic impact SMEs in Edo state? To what extent has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted patronage of small and medium scale enterprise (SMEs) in Edo State? To what extent has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the availability of workers in small and medium scale enterprise (SMEs) in Edo State? To what level has the
COVID-19 pandemic impacted the sales of goods of small and medium
scale enterprise (SMEs) in Edo state?
A descriptive survey research was employed for this study. The population of the study consist of all the small and medium scale enterprise in Egor local government area of Edo State. A sample of 100 employees were randomly selected from 20 different business enterprise from the population. Questionnaire was the instrument used to elicit information from the respondents. The data collected was analysed using simple percentages. In order to ascertain the reliability of the instrument, it was administered to
hundred (100) employees selected from similar status as those in those used in the study however after the administration of the 100 questionnaire the data collected was analysed. From the findings of this study it was seen that the Covid-19 pandemic
impacted on small and medium scale enterprise (SMEs) in Edo State leading to loss of job to some workers. It was also seen that the Covid-19 pandemic impacted patronage of small and medium scale enterprise in Edo State. Also the Covid-19 pandemic impacted the sales of goods which led to a fall in revenue and resulted in a low profit ratio. So the recommendation includes, the government should invest more into small and medium scale business to ensure their survival during difficult times. Also the small and medium scale enterprise owners should identify and focus on their most valuable products and services and eliminate everything else.

The research examines how affordable teaching materials affect students' understanding of heat transfer at the University of Benin. Two research questions and two hypotheses were developed and answered to guide the study. A quasi-experimental survey design was utilized, with 50 participants selected purposefully from the Health, Safety, and Environmental Education (HSE) department, specifically 100 level students. A structured questionnaire created by the researcher was used to collect data, which was then analyzed using mean, standard deviation and frequency counts for descriptive purposes. The findings indicate that inexpensive teaching materials have a significant impact on both teaching and learning processes, as well as on the long-term retention of environmental education knowledge when implemented in instruction.