DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE,

C. albicans remains a major opportunistic pathogen implicated in superficial and systemic infections, often exacerbated by antifungal resistance. This study evaluated the antifungal activity of ethanolic turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) extract and its combination with Lactobacillus bulgaricus secondary metabolites against clinical isolates of C. albicans. Fresh turmeric rhizomes were authenticated and extracted using ethanol, yielding 3.43% dried extract, while secondary metabolites of L. bulgaricus were prepared from probiotic cultures. Standardized clinical isolates of C. albicans (n = 5) were obtained from wound swab, high vaginal swab (HVS), ear swab, catheter tip, and urine samples collected at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) assays. Statistical analysis was carried out using Chi-square, ANOVA, and independentsamples t-test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results revealed that ethanolic turmeric extract inhibited C. albicans growth in a concentration-dependent manner, with 40.0% inhibition at 25mg/0.25mL and 60.0% inhibition at both 50mg/mL and 100mg/0.25mL (p < 0.05). Combination with Lactobacillus metabolites enhanced inhibition to 60.0% at 25mg/0.25mL and 80.0% at both 50mg/0.25mL and 100mg/0.25mL, though overall differences between extract alone and the combination were not statistically significant (p = 0.749). Fungicidal activity was more at higher doses, with ethanolic extract achieving 100.0% inhibition at 200mg/0.25mL, while the combination exhibited earlier fungicidal effects, reaching 100.0% inhibition at 100mg/0.25mL. Isolate source influenced susceptibility, with High vaginal swab isolate showing highest sensitivity (MIC: 75.0%), while urine isolates were most resistant (MIC: 0.0%) (p = 0.044). These findings demonstrate that ethanolic turmeric extract possesses antifungal activity against C. albicans, which is further enhanced when combined with L. bulgaricus secondary metabolites. The dose-dependent inhibition observed suggests potential synergistic effects, though statistical comparisons did not reveal significant superiority of the combination over the extract alone. This highlights the therapeutic promise of plant–probiotic synergy as a natural alternative to conventional antifungals in the management of candidiasis. Further in vivo studies and mechanistic investigations are recommended to optimize dosage and evaluate clinical applicability.

Iron regulation is a vital aspect of hematological function, ensuring adequate iron supply for erythropoiesis while preventing oxidative toxicity from excess iron. The Iron Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1) gene plays a central role in maintaining intracellular iron balance by modulating iron uptake, storage, and utilization. This study evaluated the effect of varying concentrations of aqueous Piper guineense (Uziza) leaf extract on the survival rate and IRP1 gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster, a recognized model for human iron metabolism. The aim was to determine how phytochemicals in Piper guineense, such as alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids, influence iron homeostasis at the molecular level. Adult flies were divided into five groups: a
control group and four treatment groups administered 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 300 mg/ml, and 400 mg/ml of Piper guineense extract through their diet. Survival was monitored over 21 days, and IRP1 expression was analyzed using semi-quantitative PCR. Results showed that the 100 mg/ml group recorded the highest survival rate (80 ± 2.65%) compared to the control (71.33 ±
1.76%), indicating mild protective effects at low doses. Conversely, 200 mg/ml (75.67 ± 3.38%), 300 mg/ml (72.33 ± 2.33%), and 400 mg/ml (73.33 ± 2.03%) exhibited slightly higher but statistically insignificant survival relative to control, suggesting that higher concentrations may induce mild stress or toxicity. Gene expression analysis revealed that IRP1 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in the 200 mg/ml (1.55±0.05), 300 mg/ml (1.05±0.15), and 400 mg/ml (0.85±0.05) groups compared with control (2.30±0.10) (p < 0.05), while the 100 mg/ml (1.80±0.10) group maintained a relatively higher expression, implying upregulation of iron metabolism at lower doses. These findings demonstrate a dose-dependent effect of Piper guineense, where lower dosage intake enhances iron upregulation and increased survival rate, but increased dosage downregulates IRP1 expression and reduces the survival rate. The study concludes that controlled consumption of Piper guineense may potentially support hematological health, and further research on its molecular mechanisms and safe therapeutic dosage is recommended.

Seasoning cubes such as Tasty Cube (Chicken Flavour) are widely consumed in
African households for flavor enhancement. While generally regarded as safe, their
content of monosodium glutamate (MSG), sodium, and preservatives has raised
concerns about potential biochemical effects, particularly oxidative stress. Previous
studies have implicated MSG and sodium-rich additives in the alteration of
antioxidant enzyme activity and lifespan reduction in animal models.The aimof this
study was to investigate the modulatory effects of Tasty Cube on survival rate andselected antioxidant enzymes Sodiundismutase,Catalase and Gluthathione Peroxidase(SOD, CAT, GPx) in Drosophila melanogaster. Adult flies of about 525 in total were divided into four (5) groups;A,B,C,D, and E representing
Control,0.3g,0.15g,0.10g,and 0.05g group and fed diets supplemented with these
concentrations of Tasty Cube alongside a control diet. Survival assays were conductedover a defined period, while biochemical analysis of antioxidant enzyme activities
was carried out using standard spectrophotometric methods.The results showed a mildreduction in survival rate, with flies exposed to higher concentrations of Tasty Cube
exhibiting significantly reduced lifespan compared to controls (p<0.05). Antioxidant
assays revealed that while low to moderate doses caused a mild increase in CATactivity (p<0.05), higher doses significantly suppressed SOD and GPx activities
(p<0.05), indicating oxidative imbalance.In conclusion, Tasty Cube seasoning exerts
measurable toxicological effects in Drosophila melanogaster, characterized by mildlyreduced survival and disruption of antioxidant defense mechanisms. These findings
highlight the potential risks associated with chronic seasoning cube consumption andunderscore the need for public health awareness regarding moderated dietary use.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing has become an essential tool in resolving disputes of biological relationships, particularly maternity and paternity cases, with significant social, legal, and emotional implications. In Nigeria, cultural traditions, limited awareness, and socioeconomic challenges influence the acceptance and accessibility of DNA technology. This study therefore aimed to assess the perception and awareness of DNA testing for resolving maternal and paternal disputes among residents of Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was employed. A total of one hundred and fifty-one (151) adult residents of Benin City were recruited using a random sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured 22- item questionnaire covering demographics, awareness, knowledge, and perceptions of DNA testing. Responses were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0, using Chi-square tests with significance set at p < 0.05. The findings revealed that 86.7% of respondents had heard of DNA testing being used to resolve maternity and paternity disputes, but only 34.7% reported personal or second-hand involvement. While 83.3% correctly identified DNA testing as a method to confirm biological relationships, only 42.0% were aware of existing facilities in Benin City. Practical exposure was limited, as just 28.0% had visited or knew someone who had visited a DNA testing facility. Nonetheless, perceptions were largely positive, with 71.3% affirming that DNA testing could accurately resolve disputes, and 79.4% expressing willingness to learn more about its applications. Knowledge gaps persisted, as 39.3% believed external factors could affect accuracy, with laboratory error most frequently mentioned. In conclusion, this study revealed that awareness and positive perceptions of DNA testing are high among Benin City residents, but actual utilization and technical understanding remain limited. The results underscore the need for public education, expanded access to affordable DNA
facilities, and integration of counseling and ethical safeguards to enhance acceptance and prevent misuse. These findings highlight DNA testing’s potential as a reliable, culturally sensitive tool for resolving family disputes in Nigeria.

Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) remain a major public health concern, particularly among immunocompromised populations such as individuals with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients are at increased risk of opportunistic infections due to impaired immune response, making parasitological investigations important in this group. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among diabetic patients attending the Endocrinology Unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 156 diabetic patients who consented to participate. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, clinical history, hygiene practices, and lifestyle habits were obtained through a structured questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and examined microscopically for intestinal parasites using standard parasitological techniques. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, and associations between variables were assessed using chi-square tests at a significance level of (p < 0.05). Of the 156 respondents, the majority were married (70.5%), within the age range of 60– 75 years, and more males were represented. Most respondents had primary or secondary education, resided in urban areas, and used water closet toilets. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 54.5%. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and ntamoeba coli were the most frequently detected parasites, while Ascaris lumbricoides and Strongyloides stercoralis were least observed. Significant associations were found between infection status and variables such as educational level and sanitation practices (p < 0.05). This research revealed that intestinal parasites are still prevalent among diabetic patients, particularly those with lower
educational attainment and poor sanitation habits. Strengthening routine parasitological screening, health education, and improved hygiene practices is recommended to reduce the burden of intestinal parasites in this vulnerable group

The prevalence of chronic elevation of blood pressure, and the resulting morbidity, are sufficiently high to justify viewing the condition as a serious global public health problem. Sometimes lifestyle changes are not enough to treat high blood pressure, in such cases medication is required. This study performed an Evaluation on Some High Blood Pressure Medications(Amlodipine and Telmisartan) on the hepatic tissues of albino rats. A total of 18 albino rats weighing 165g-195g with high blood pressure were distributed into 3 groups (A,B and C). Group A (Labelled as control group) were administered water and food only, Group B amlodipine was given in a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks (28 days), Group C Telmisartan was given in a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for( 4 weeks). After 4 weeks, Animals were weighed, anesthetize and dissected and the liver harvested placed in 10% Neutral buffered formalin. A stain in hematoxylin for 3-5 minutes was done. Samples of selected sections of the liver was
photographed and presented as plates. A significant increase in body weight was recorded in all groups of Amlodipine and Telmisartan treated animals. Microscopic examination of hepatic tissues from the albino rats demonstrated no obvious pathologic changes, including hypertrophy, and perivascular fibrosis, wall thickening hepatic atrophy and fibrosis, and vascular sclerosis in groups treated with Amlodipine. Histopathological examination showed no pathological glomerular, tubular, or blood vessel changes in groups treated with telmisartan during the weeks of the research. Thrust of public health policies should be primary prevention of hypertension. The long-term treatment with this combination could presents a beneficial effect on the
reduction of BP, BPV, and the protection of end- in-depth study on the effect of these antihypertensive drug

Tuberculosis continues to be a major public health problem globally. The aim of the study was to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibodies in apparently healthy individuals in Gabia and Chike communities of Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. Out of the 228 respondents of the questionnaire served, 205 (89.9%) acknowledged that they heard about tuberculosis. Two hundred and twenty eight (228) samples of human serum were examined for Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibodies using a one step TB IgG/IgM flow chromatographic immunoassay. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in
the study areas was 19.7%. The prevalence in the inhabitants of Chinke was 10.5% while that of Gabia was 9.2%. The females in the study population had a prevalence of 12.3% while the males had 7.5%. The prevalence was more in individuals in the age brackets of 40 – 49 years (7.9%) and 50 – 59 years (3.5%), while individuals within the age brackets of 70 – 79 years in Chinke and 80 – 89 years in Gabia did not present with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibodies. Considering active and inactive (Latent) infection, a total of 18 (7.9%) individuals had IgM antibodies, with males constituting 4.7% and females with 3.1%, indicative of recent infection while 27 (11.9%) had IgG antibodies showing previous infection. Considering active and inactive (Latent) infection, a total of 18 (7.9%) individuals had IgM antibodies, with males constituting 4.7% and females with 3.1%, indicative of recent infection while 27 (11.9%) had IgG antibodies showing previous infection. The sputum of IgM positive cases were further examined for acid fast bacilli and the result was statistically significant (p>0.02), showing 2.6% with 2+, 5.2% with a +. The high prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the study areas is worrisome as the positive individuals are not only at risk of having full blown tuberculosis in the future but are also sources of spreading the bacteria to the populace.

Chronic diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia and associated complications. Assessing erythropoietin (EPO) levels and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in diabetic patients can provide valuable insights into the management and progression of the disease. This study aims to assess the EPO levels and HbA1c levels in patients with complications of diabetes mellitus and evaluate the clinical implications of these assessments. A case-control study was conducted on a sample of 81 consenting participants including 21 patients presenting complications of diabetes mellitus, 30 diabetic patients without any complications, and 30 environmental control persons. EPO levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and HbA1c levels were also determined through modified enzymatic reaction. Demographic and clinical data, including age, gender, diabetes duration, and medication history, were collected via questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the correlation between EPO levels and HbA1c levels. Values obtained in this study was presented as mean ± standard deviation (levels of significance were accepted at p<0.001). In this study, high HbA1c levels among diabetic patients with complications were associated with a diet rich in protein and carbohydrates. Additionally, the increased erythropoietin levels were attributed to the absence of nephropathy, a condition typically linked to lower erythropoietin levels, in these patients. Further research is warranted to explore the clinical implications of these assessments in predicting diabetes complications and guiding therapeutic interventions

Monodora myristica (calabash nutmeg) is a widely used West African spice with traditional medicinal and preservative applications. This study presents a deep evaluation of its phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that flavonoids were strongly present (Mean ± SEM: 0.8216 ± 0.00072), indicating a high concentration likely responsible for the extract’s potent free-radical scavenging activity. Terpenoids (0.2091 ± 0.2183) and cardiac glycosides (0.5091 ± 0.5136) were moderately detected, suggesting contributions to the spice’s aromatic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cardiotonic properties. Alkaloids (0.2725 ± 0.2734) and steroids (0.1940 ± 0.2560) were present at low to moderate levels, supporting traditional analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and membrane-stabilizing activities. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using a multi-assay approach, including DPPH, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO) scavenging, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and reducing power (RP), with ascorbic acid as the standard. The extract demonstrated strong, concentration- dependent DPPH scavenging (21.41–87.27%) and progressively enhanced reducing power (76.05–88.12%), reflecting effective hydrogen donation and electron-transfer capacity. NO scavenging was highest at low concentrations (85.45%) but declined at higher doses, while TAC showed moderate and consistent activity (82.99–86.93%). H₂O₂ scavenging remained relatively low (15.35–17.75%), and FRAP displayed a decreasing trend with increasing concentration (82.49% → 25.03%), likely due to matrix interactions affecting iron reduction. Across all assays, ascorbic acid maintained high and stable antioxidant performance (>95%). These findings suggest that Monodora myristica is rich in bioactive phytochemicals with significant antioxidant potential, capable of neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular redox balance. This study also reinforces the spice’s traditional medicinal relevance and highlights its promise as a natural source of antioxidants for nutraceutical, therapeutic, and food preservation applications.

Aluminium chloride (AlCl₃) is known to induce oxidative stress, impairing erythropoiesis and redox homeostasis, which may contribute to anaemia and other haematological alterations. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master regulator of antioxidant defense and cytoprotective genes, making it a key biomarker in toxin-induced oxidative stress. Evaluating the modulation of this gene by herbal extracts could provide valuable insights into their therapeutic potential. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of NRF2 gene in aluminium chloride-induced anaemia bearing Wistar rats treated with aqueous leaves extract of Icacina trichantha. Sixty (60) adult male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups; A, B, C, D, E and F, representing control, aluminium chloride group, ferrous sulphate group, aluminium chloride + 100 mg/kg of Icacina trichantha leaf extract, aluminium chloride + 200 mg/kg of Icacina trichantha leaf extract, and aluminium chloride + 400 mg/kg of Icacina trichantha leaf extract, respectively. Blood samples were collected for haematological analysis using an ERMA haematology autoanalyzer, while NRF2 mRNA expression was quantified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data obtained were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 software. Haematological parameters revealed no statistically significant differences across most groups (p > 0.05), although mean cell volume (MCV) (fL) was significantly reduced in group F (54.64±0.96) compared to group C (58.22±0.49) (p < 0.05), and mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) (pg) was significantly lower in group F (18.72±0.23) compared to group C (19.66±0.07) (p <0.05). NRF2 expression was elevated in group B relative to the control, though not significantly, but was significantly higher compared to groups C, D, E, and F (p < 0.05). Treatment with Icacina trichantha extract across the different doses did not restore NRF2 expression to control levels. In conclusion, aluminium chloride administration induced NRF2 upregulation as an oxidative stress response, while treatment with Icacina trichantha aqueous leaf extract led to a significant reduction in NRF2 expression, suggesting a modulatory effect that warrants further mechanistic investigation.