PGD Project

This study examined the effect of workplace diversity on employee performance in selected universities in Edo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to assess the impact of ethnic diversity, gender diversity, age diversity, educational diversity, and religious diversity on different dimensions of employee performance, including work quality, teamwork quality, productivity level, innovation, and engagement. A survey research design was employed, and data were collected from three hundred and seventy one (371) employees across selected universities in Edo State. Regression analysis revealed that while ethnic diversity, gender diversity, and age diversity do not have a significant impact on employee performance dimensions, educational and religious diversity had a strong and significant positive influence on employee performance, suggesting that an inclusive and accommodating work environment enhances overall institutional outcomes. The study concluded that while certain diversity dimensions, such as ethnicity, gender, and age, may not directly impact employee performance, educational and religious diversity play crucial roles in fostering productivity, innovation, and engagement. The study recommended that institutions should invest in diversity management strategies, particularly in promoting educational diversity and religious inclusivity, to optimise employee performance and institutional effectiveness.

Democracy is universally acknowledged as the most acceptable form of government, because it provides the opportunity for participation of the people in the running of their affairs within a given society. Again, it advances an open, responsible, and accountable government. Since 1999, Nigeria has practiced presidential democracy with three main institutions, comprising of the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary. The Legislature is the most representative as it has the institutional mandate to project the interests of the various constituencies in the country. By virtue of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria1999, (herein 1999 Constitution), the Legislature performs three principal roles of law making, oversight of the executive arm, and representation. Upon election by the electorate, the principle of representation requires legislators to be accountable to their constituents in the performance of their constitutional duties. In Nigeria, there is no consensus of opinion on whether legislators after being elected into parliament, constantly engage their constituents in policy decisions, until the next set of elections. The aim of this study was to examine legislative accountability as envisaged under the 1999 Constitution. The study focused mainly on the representational role of the National Assembly and its different models by evaluating its effectiveness. Thus, several issues of legislative accountability were interrogated. The study adopted the doctrinal research methodology, using secondary data. The study examined whether there are enough constitutional mechanisms for the electorate to hold legislators accountable. The study analyzed the accountability mechanisms that are available to check the excesses of legislators, provided under the 1999 Constitution. These are free and fair elections, recall, minimum sitting days’ requirement, sanctity of party label, presidential veto, judicial review, internal mechanism of suspension, and the absence of immunity from criminal trial for legislators. Since Nigeria’s constitutional practice is modeled after that of the United States of America, the study undertook a comparison of the American system in the context of the accountability mechanisms in order to draw useful lessons for Nigeria. The study found that the mechanism of recall is ineffective in enhancing legislative accountability due to its cumbersome process as provided in the 1999 Constitution. The study also found that elections as a mechanism can only be effective if they are free and fair, which is hardly the case in Nigeria. It also found that although there are a number of mechanisms available in the 1999 Constitution to ensure accountability by the Legislature and its members, recall and periodic elections are the only formal accounting tools at the disposal of the electorate. The study proffered a detailed roadmap to legislative accountability. Consequently, the study identified novel measures such as roll-call, visible and recorded votes, which can be adapted from the constitutional practice of the United States of America to promote effective legislative representation cum accountability in Nigeria. The Study recommends that these novel measures found in the U.S should be adopted in Nigeria in other to enhance legislative accountability

The state of healthcare service delivery in Edo State public hospitals has been an ongoing challenge due to persistent cases of ill treatment of patients arising from weak application of ethical standards rules. The aim of study was to determine whether ethical standards compliance influences healthcare service delivery in Edo State public hospitals from 2019 to 2024. The descriptive survey research design was adopted. Using the multi-stage sampling techniques and Slovin’s (1960) formula, 779 sample size was derived from the three senatorial districts of Edo State. Two (2) hospitals were selected from each senatorial 29 districts (Edo South, Edo Central, and Edo North). The respondents comprised 80% patients, 18.5% doctors and nurses, and 1.5% management staff. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires and in-depth interviews. In the retrieval process, the study observed that of 767 questionnaires sent to respondents, 712 were retrieved, thus, changing the study analysis total sample to 712 which had 92.83% rate of retrieval. Both
descriptive and inferential statistics methods of analysis were adopted. The descriptive statistics included the use of frequency distribution tables and percentages to get the figures of categories of the response to the questionnaire. The inferential statistics on the other hand, was used to measure the type of relationship between variables. The type of inferential statistics that was deployed was the Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) tool. These were done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 25.0 version) software at 0.5 level of significance. The findings revealed a positive relationship between ethical standards compliance and healthcare service delivery; positive relationship between effectiveness of ethical standards compliance and quality service delivery; accessibility to public healthcare centers was still a challenge due to insufficient beds in the hospitals; workforce in public hospital did not meet the minimum standards set by the World Health Organization and that some doctors secretly referred patients to their own hospitals for treatment. It was also found that patients’ ease of accessing healthcare services in public hospitals strongly relates to improved service delivery. The study concluded that there was a strong correlation between the inadequacy of healthcare workers in secondary healthcare facilities and compliance with ethical standards. It was thus recommended that key indicators of quality healthcare like physical infrastructure, workforce, and material resources should be improved upon. Greater attention should be given to ethical standards values, including respect for patients’ confidentiality, diligence in service delivery, and the prevention of breaches of trust in patient doctor relationships and the development of human resources to enhance service delivery

use it provides the opportunity for participation of the people in the running of their affairs within a given society. Again it advances an open, responsible, and accountable government. Since 1999, Nigeria practices presidential democracy with three main institutions, comprising of the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary. The Legislature is the most representative as it has the institutional mandate to project the interests of the various constituencies in the country. By virtue of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, (herein 1999 Constitution) the Legislature performs three principal roles of law making, oversight of the executive arm, and representation. Upon election by the electorate, the principle of representation requires legislators to be accountable to their constituents in the performance of their constitutional duties. In Nigeria, there is no consensus of opinion on whether legislators after being elected into parliament constantly engage their constituents in policy decisions, until the next set of elections. The aim of this study was to examine legislative accountability as envisaged under the 1999 Constitution. The study focused mainly on the representational role of the National Assembly and its different models by evaluating its effectiveness. Thus several issues of legislative accountability were interrogated. The study adopted the doctrinal research methodology, using secondary data. The study examined whether there are enough constitutional mechanisms for the electorate to hold legislators accountable. The study analyzed the accountability mechanisms that are available to check the excesses of legislators, provided under the 1999 Constitution. These are free and fair election, recall, minimum sitting days’ requirement, sanctity of party label, presidential veto, judicial review, internal mechanism of suspension, and the absence of immunity from criminal trial for legislators. Since Nigeria’s constitutional practice is modeled after that of the United States of America, the study undertook a comparison of the American system in the context of the accountability mechanisms in order to draw useful lessons for Nigeria. The study found that the mechanism of recall is ineffective in enhancing legislative accountability due to its cumbersome process as provided in the 1999 Constitution. The study also found that election as a mechanism can only be effective if it is free and fair, which is hardly the case in Nigeria. It also found that although there are a number of mechanisms available in the 1999 Constitution to ensure accountability by the Legislature and its members, recall and periodic elections are the only formal accounting tools at the disposal of the electorates. The study proffered a detailed roadmap to legislative accountability. Consequently, the study identified novel measures such as roll-call, visible and recorded votes which can be adapted from the constitutional practice of the United States of America to promote effective legislative representation cum accountability in Nigeria. The Study recommends that these novel measures found in the U.S should be adopted in Nigeria in other to enhance legislative accountability.

In an economy, some interest groups such as households, firms, public and private sectors often collaborate and participate in the process of economic development. However, the government sector plays a predominant role in achieving the desired changes in the structure of any economy. Indeed, the uniqueness of public sector arises from the fact that, apart from being part of the economy the government sector plays a decisive role in attaining
macroeconomic objectives of stability, growth and development, through a package of economic policy measures and regulatory framework (Sackey & Ejah, 2014). For the Nigerian government to effectively carry out its primary function and other subsidiary functions, she requires adequate funding (Abomaye-Nimenibo, Williams &Friday, 2018). Tax is therefore a major source of government revenue all over the world. It is an opportunity for the government to collect revenue needed to discharge its pressing obligations. It has a bearing on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the standard indicator for measuring the economic well-being of a nation. (Okafor, 2012) and Sanni (2007), advocated the use of tax as an instrument of social engineering, to stimulate general and/or sectoral economic growth. A tax system offers itself as one of the most effective means of mobilizing a nation’s internal resources and tends itself toward creating an environment conducive to the promotion of economic growth (Azubike, 2009)

This study is to empirically examines the relationship between trade liberaliazation, stock market and economic development in Nigeria.The study present both procedure and the analytical techniques that the research engages in carrying out the investigation on the impact of capital market on the Nigeria economy. This study adopts the census sampling technique were the population and of the study is the Nigeria economy. The Nigeria economy is chosen as a result of the high inflow of foreign capital as participation in international trade. The Nigeria stock market being the largest in West Africa also makes it the focus of
this study. This research adopts the causal research design which is a type of ex post factor research design. Causal research design is aimed at analyzing the relationship and patterns between two variables.This study was conducted to investigate the impact of trade liberalization, stock market performance and economic development in Nigeria. To this effect, the FMOLS was adopted on time series data that spanned 1987-2020. The result findings were found to be robust to both data manipulations and specifications. From empirical analysis, a general outcome of the study indicates that trade liberalization has had no
significant impact on economic development. Trade openness was found to have a negative and insignificant relationship with economic development in Nigeria.Financial openness had a positive and significant relationship with economic development in Nigeria. Finally, government should make policy to protect local firms and the security exchange commission
must increase the depth and breadth of the market.

The consumption of bivalves, such as mussels, clams, and oysters, is widespread across the globe, particularly in Coastal regions. Due to the natural habitat of bivalves and feeding habitat, there is a high possibility of the meat being contaminated with microorganisms and toxic elements. Hence, this research investigated the prevalence of Listeria and Vibriospecies, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bivalves (Ergeria radiata). A total of three hundred (300) edible bivalves (Ergeria radiata) were obtained during March 2023 to February 2024 from the Ekowe community Coastal waters and from wet markets (Swali
and Opolo) using sterile containers. Bacteria were enumerated using standard microbiological procedures. Isolates of Vibrio and Listeria were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determinedusingKirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Plasmid profiling and curing of Vibrio and Listeria isolates were determined by standard methods. Proximate analysis of Ergeriaradiata was determined using standard analytical chemical methods. Mineral and heavy metal compositions were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), while Na and K were analyzed by flame photometry. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Standard methods were used to determine the physicochemical properties of the Coastal water samples. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 20.0. Duncan multiple range test was used to separate the means at p<0.05 significant differences. The results of this study revealed that higher bacterial counts were observed in thewet season compared to the dry season. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts for the wet season ranged from 20.48 ± 1.62x 10 5 cfu/g - 30.06 ± 1.63x 10 5 cfu/g, while for dry season it rangedfrom 10.88 ± 1.09 x 105 cfu/g – 18.18 ± 1.10 x10
5 cfu/g. The Vibrio counts for wet seasonranged from 16.82 ± 1.17 x 10 5 cfu/g - 19.90 ± 1.27 x 10 5 cfu/, while for dry season it rangedfrom 9.96 ± 0.95 x 10 5 cfu/g – 13.58 ± 1.12 x 10
5 cfu/g. Listeria counts for wet seasonranged from 8 .08 ± 0.50 x 10 5 cfu/g – 11.52 ± 0.76 x 10 5 cfu/g, while for dry seasonit
ranged from 6.12 ± 0.67 x10 5 cfu/g – 9.72 ± 0.8 x 10 5 cfu/g - 9.72 ± 0.81 x 10 5 cfu/g.TheVibrio species isolated were Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio fluvialis with the accession numbers PP832852, PP382853, PP832854 and PP832855, respectively. Listeria species isolated were Listeria innocua PP832856, Listeria monocytogenes PP832857, and Listeria ivanovii PP328560. The hlyA virulence gene was detected in all the Listeria species for both wet and dry season. The virulence gene ctxAwasnot detected in Vibrio parahaemolyticus for wet season, but was detected in dry season. Thepenicillin binding protein (pbp2b) resistant gene was detected in all Listeria species. Theaph(2")-If antimicrobial resistant gene was detected in Vibrio parahaemolyticus andVibrofluvialis for wet season, while in dry season, it was detected in all the Vibrio species. Therewas no seasonal variation in the values obtained for proximate composition, minerals. andheavy metal content. Protein ranged from 7.42 ± 0.72 % - 7.59 ± 0.6 %, fat (0.74 ±0.05%-0.77± 0.9%), K (510 ± 0.52 mg/kg - 520 ± 0.13 mg/kg), and Pb (0.03 ± 0.01 mg/kg –0.047±0.16 mg/kg). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentration of Ergeria sradiatawas low for both wet and dry season, and was below the permissible limit of 200 ppmset byWorld Health Organization (WHO). The physicochemical properties of the Coastal watersforwet season exceeded the permissible limit set by WHO. Bivalve (Ergeria radiata), although nutritionally rich, harbors potentially pathogenic bacteria of public health concern, particularly when they are consumed raw or not properly cooked.

Elections are integral in any democratic process. It is the process by which leaders are chosen to superintend the affairs of a particular geographic location politically for a defined period of time. In Nigeria however. This all important democratic culture is being threatened by a persistent culture of violence and wide ranging irregularities orchestrated to mastermind a less than whole some. The Nigerian electoral system has been rigged in favour of the rich, the powerful, the ruling party and those with access to state resources. The culture of violence and irregularities is affecting public confidence in the system with many announcing publicly, their aversion to politics and anything that has to do with governance. The people's apathy to politics and anything that has to do with governance. The people's apathy to politics and governance is the reason there are too many mediocre in politics with the attendant lack of vision and productivity. This study took a holistic study of the menace of electoral violence and how it affect voter's turnout. Issues plaguing voter participation in the country were trashed out and examined. Possible remedies were look into with a view to improving

The study examines the emergence, organization, and operations of Boko Haram and the Islamic State of West Africa and their links with other international terrorist organizations. The objectives of the study were to examine the emergence of Boko Haram and the Islamic State of West Africa in north-east Nigeria; examine the organization and operations of Boko Haram and the Islamic State of West Africa as violent groups opposed to the state; establish the links between Boko Haram and the Islamic State of West Africa and their connections with other international terror groups such as Al-Qaeda, Al-Shabab, Taliban and ISIS; and assess the efforts of the Multinational Joint Task Force in combating them. The study used data collected from publications of governmental and international governmental organizations and unstructured oral interviews with serving and retired military personnel. The publications were subjected to textual analysis, while the oral interviews were stored and later transcribed and analyzed. The study found that Boko Haram and the Islamic State of West Africa emerged in the north-east of Nigeria with its main ideology of the establishment of a pure Islamic State (theocratic state) that is based on strict implementation of Sharia law in Nigeria and the neighbouring countries of Chad, Niger and Cameroon. The terrorist groups’ attacks on the Nigerian state and the neighbouring countries of Chad, Niger and Cameroon comprising the military, para-military and civilians’ targets led to wanton destruction of lives and properties. Boko Haram and the Islamic State of West Africa had links with other international terrorism networks such as Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Islamic State, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb AQIM and Al-Shabaab in aspects of ideology which centered on establishing an Islamic Caliphate that will address problems faced by Muslims worldwide. Other area of collaboration include training, funding, arms supply and logistic supports which facilitated their operations, expansions and attacks; and military and non military approaches adopted by the federal government of Nigeria led to the degrading of Boko Haram and the Islamic State of West Africa fighters. This thesis contends that the functionality of Boko Haram
and the Islamic State of West Africa thrived in their collaboration due to the international support they received from other terrorist organizations

Water is one of the elements and the necessity that most major global to the daily life. The physico-chemical properties of the upstream, midstream and downstream of Udu River in Delta State, Nigeria were investigated in this work. The properties
were compared to the World Health Organization (WHO). The physico-chemical properties considered and their average values are pH (7.06 ± 1.01), temperature (31.33 ± 0.58℃), turbidity (10.22±1.10 NTU), alkalinity (8.77±0.68 mg/L), electrical conductivity (140.03±62.50 𝜇S/cm), dissolved oxygen (2.67±0.25 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (1.65±0.35 mg/L), total dissolved solids (79.82±35.61 mg/L), total suspended solids (0.87±0.56 mg/L), nitrate (5.19±0.51 mg/L), chloride (6.67±2.96mg/L), bicarbonate (2.51±0.27 mg/L), sulphate (1.13±0.32 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (16.00±5.29 mg/L), phosphate (8.06±4.34 mg/L), total hardness (15.61±2.13 mg/L), iron (0.77±0.12 mg/L), zinc (0.01±0.01 mg/L), Chromium (0.18±0.07 mg/L), manganese (0.07±0.06 mg/L), copper (0.03±0.00), sodium (0.70±0.00 mg/L) and potassium (0.82±0.00 mg/L). The values of the
physico-chemical properties in comparison with the WHO standards of portable water indicate that Udu River needs to be constantly monitored in order to preserve its quality for safe consumption.