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This study examined the impact of teacher–child interaction on the social and emotional development of preschool children in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. Early childhood represents a critical period for the development of social competence and emotional regulation, and the quality of interaction between teachers and children plays a significant role in shaping these developmental outcomes. Four research questions were raised to guide this study. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population comprised early childhood teachers and parents in selected preschools comprising 8 public schools and 52privateschools in Oredo Local Government Area. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire designed on a four-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were used to analyze the data, while hypotheses were tested using a criterion meanof2.50. The findings revealed that teacher–child ratio significantly influences the quality of teacher–child interaction, as overcrowded classrooms limit effective classroom management and individualized attention. The study also found that positive teacher–child interaction significantly enhances preschool children’s ability to form positive social relationships, reduce aggressive behaviors, and express emotions appropriately. Furthermore, teachers’ level of professional training was found to significantly influence their job performance, while opportunities for on the-job training were generally inadequate despite being recognized as essential for improving teacher effectiveness. The study concludes that improving teacher–child interaction through better staffing, enhanced teacher training, and increased access to professional development opportunities is essential for promoting positive social and emotional development among preschool children. The study recommends the enforcement of recommended teacher–child ratio standards, regular professional development programmes, and increased government support for early childhood teacher training

This essay examines defiance against queerphobia in African poetryinorder to explore how African poets challenge queerphobia through their works. It sets out to investigate the strategies adopted by African poets in championing inclusivity as well as opening the space for queer acceptance.

This study examines requests and commands in Nigerian Pidgin English(NPE), focusing on their structure and pragmatic functions. The research investigates how speakers convey directives and negotiate social relationships through language. The study is motivated by the wide spread use of NPE in Nigeria and the lack of detailed research on its directive forms. Guided by Speech Act Theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969) and Politeness Theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987), data were collected from adult NPE speakers in urban settings using participant observation, audio recordings, and semi-structured interviews. Analysis shows that requests and commands often employ uninflected verbs and pragmatic markers such as abeg, which serve to soften, intensify, or emphasize directives depending on context. Social factors, including power dynamics, age, and familiarity, influence whether speakers use direct or indirect forms. The study concludes that NPEis a pragmatically rich language capable of managing complex social interactions. Findings contribute to the descriptive study of NPE, enhance understanding of directive speech acts in multilingual settings, and support the recognition of NPE as a legitimate language in Nigeria.

This study explores the level of knowledge and awareness of social work practice among students of the University of Benin. Social work, as a professional field, plays a vital rolein promoting human well-being, advocating for social justice, and enhancing the quality of life of individuals, families, and communities. Despite its growing significance in contemporary society, social work remains a misunderstood and under appreciated discipline, particularly among university students who are expected to be future change agents. The research assessed the extent to which students from various faculties and departments understand the goals, principles, and practical applications of social work. It also investigates factors that influence awareness levels, such as faculty of study, exposure to social work education, and participation in social intervention programs. The methodology adopted for this study is a quantitative survey research design, aimed at
collecting numerical data that can be statistically analyzed. A structured questionnaire was developed and distributed to a stratified random sample of 500 undergraduate students across different faculties within the University of Benin. The questionnaire contained both closed and open-ended questions designed to measure students' awareness, understanding, and perceptions of social work as a discipline and profession. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency tables and percentages) and inferential statistics (Chi-square tests) to determine the relationship between students' demographic variables and their level of awareness. The findings revealed significant gaps in knowledge about social work practice among students, with recommendations geared toward improving social work visibility and integration into general university curricula. Ultimately, the study underscores the need for greater advocacy and educational campaigns to raise awareness and promote the relevance of social work in national development, especially in higher education institutions such as the University of Benin
social work in national development, especially in higher education institutions suchasthe University of Benin

This study examined the survey on the teaching methods of teaching poetry in junior secondary schools. In order to achieve the intended objectives of the study, three research questions were raised. The descriptive survey research design was employed for the study. The population of the study was made up of all junior secondary school students in Egor Local Government Area of Edo state. Hundred students were randomly drawn from five schools in Egor LGA of Edo state. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics such of frequency, percentage, and mean . The findings showed that that the teaching method used in teaching poetry in secondary schools are effective, teachers use a mixture of different methods which includes recitation, traditional method, creative writing and guided reading and annotation when instructing poetry to Junior Secondary School students and students' English understanding affect their ability to understand poetry, lack of connection between daily life and poetry affect how much students like and understand it and culture can help students understand the hidden meanings in poetry. The following recommendations amongst others were made; Provide ongoing professional development opportunities for English teachers, specifically focusing on enhancing their skills in utilizing diverse teaching methods. This could include workshops, seminars, and training sessions to keep teachers updated on effective strategies for teaching poetry

Examining Twitter Network Restriction: A Violation of Nigerian Citizens' Fundamental Rights (A Case Study of Twitter Ban) with Edo State as a case study is the study's main objective. The study readily enrolled 90 individuals and used a survey research approach. But from the recruited participants, a total of 85 replies were received and verified. Chi-Square was used as a statistical method to test the hypothesis (SPSS). The study's conclusions showed that the Twitter network ban severely violated Nigerian individuals' fundamental human rights. It also breaches Section 39 of the Constitution by impairing the social
and economic rights that Nigerian people are given by Chapter 11 of the Constitution by breaching their right to freedom of communication, association, and expression. Furthermore, the study's findings showed that the now-repealed Twitter ban was a grave abuse of power since it put the president's personal interests ahead of those of the nation and its citizens and was not implemented democratically. The study consequently suggests that, in the future, the federal
government of Nigeria should endeavour to follow constitutional processes and guidelines in ways of dealing with situations like these. The Nigerian federal government should also acknowledge that the Twitter Network ban has an impact on a variety of economic sectors

The quality of aquatic environments is an important contributor to good environmental health. This study assessed the ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments from Ossiomo River, Edo State in order to ascertain the status and degree of contamination. Nine sediment samples were collected using an Eckman Grab from Ossiomo River from November 2021 to January 2022. Samples collected were air-dried, crushed and sieved through a 2mm sieve, pre-treated using standard methods before determining the heavy metal concentrations in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer according to the method of the Association of Analytical Chemists. The average mean concentration of heavy metals in sediments from Ossiomo river were1137±760.55 for Fe, 6.83±1.24 for Cu, 28.94±11.93 for Zn, 0.14±0.06 for Cd, 5.80±5.27 for Pb, 9.02±3.80 for Mn, 4.30±1.04 mg/kg for Cr respectively while total hydrocarbon content had an average mean value of 826.80±457.27 mg/kg. The result showed that the concentration of heavy metal were in the following decreasing order: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu> Pb> Cr>Cd. The composition of
computed Enrichment factor (EF) indicated that there is a moderate enrichment for Fe and Zn, a significant enrichment for Fe, Cr, Cd and a very high enrichment for Pb. Geo accumulation index (Igeo)
showed that sediments from Ossiomo River indicates Cu and Mn were practically unpolluted, Cr and Cd were moderately to heavily polluted, Pb was heavily polluted and extremely polluted. The contamination factor showed a moderate contamination exist for Cu and Mn across the sampled stations from Ossiomo River, a very high contamination exist for Cr, Cd, and Pb across the three sample stations. The contamination degree (CD) showed that a very high degree of contamination(CD ≥ 24) exists across all the three sample stations. Pollution load Index (PLI) showed that Ossiomo river is polluted (PLI>1) by metals. Potential ecological risk index (PERI) showed slight pollution degree of Cu, Zn, and Mn, a medium pollution degree of Cr, a strong pollution degree and a very strong pollution degree of Pb while Cd exhibited an extremely strong pollution degree. The risk level or risk degree for Ossiomo River indicated an extremely strong risk degree or level Dacross the sediments across the stretch of Ossiomo River. The potential ecological risk showed that station1and 3 indicates considerable ecological risk (300<RI≤600), while station 2 indicates a very high ecological risk (RI>600). The heavy metals content exhibited a positive and significant correlation. Therefore the pollution by heavy metals in sediments from Ossiomo River should not be ignored.

This study investigated the residual effects of selected organic amendments on the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of soils previously cultivated with bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).The experiment was laid out in randomised block design (RCBD) with twelve different treatment representing sole treatment(T1(control) T2 (Poultry manure) T3 (Mychorriza) T4( Black soldier flyfrass)T5 (Digestate) and the rest as combined treatments. This research compared data from soil samples collected from the previous cultivation season in 2024 with soil samples of the post harvest period (2025) to evaluate changes in soil quality, the continuous and sustained effects of amendments over time. The results from the analysis shows that There was a decrease in pH from 2024 to 2025, from(6.47to6.00) in T2(PM), while organic matter and organic carbon showed a general increase from (5.30 to 34.60 g/kg) and (3.10 to 20.10 g/kg) in T12(DIG+PM) respectively. In comparing 2024 and 2025, bacterial counts increased across all treatments, while fungal counts declined. Results revealed that while some nutrient parameters declined compared to the initial season (2024 cropping season), soils that previously received combined organic treatments maintained significantly improved fertility indices relative to the control. These findings demonstrated that the amendments not only improved soil fertility during the first year but also had lasting residual benefits that continued enhancing the soil even without re-application. Also this study recognizes T12(DIG +PM) as the best most sustainable amendments because it effectively balanced nutrient supply, organic matter input, and microbial stimulation leading to enhanced soil fertility and lasting residual effects. Keywords: Poultry manure, Digestate.

Costumes are symbols of cultural representation and it serves as an element of culture. Aman's culture can be ascertained from the way he is dressed. That is to say, that costume is one of the significant visual aspect of culture. A man learns about his culture from birth, thus culture is the bedrock of every growing or developing society. Culture as it concerns costume is losing it symbolic and cultural significance due to ignorance and other societal factors. It is therefore imperative that this study aims at documenting costume as a symbol of cultural representation using the Emu people of Esan Land as a focal point
through pictorial representation of key persons in a traditional marriage ceremony of the people. The study aims at identifying the costume in marriage ceremonies as a form of cultural identification and to determine measures to be taken to enlighten people on the significance of these costumes to the tradition of the people. In actualizing the aim of this study, interviews were carried out on indigenes of the stated people, visual representation in respect to the pictures of the costumes were used and various related literatures relevant to the study were also used. The study was able to show that there are various types of Esan materials but there a specific fabric used for marriage ceremonies. These costumes are able to display the cultural aesthetics of the people and the social status of the wearer. To preserve the culture, it is recommended that awareness seminars should be held, cultural preservative organisations should be established and the media can play a great role in preserving our cultural heritage

The study examined job satisfaction as motivational tool for increased productivity. Four research objectives were raised to carryout the study, the four specific objectives were to: know what makes job satisfaction a motivation tools for increased productivity; Identify the various tools methods used to measure job satisfaction and the impact on productivity among employees; explore the factors that contribute to employee satisfaction and their potential to drive productivity improvement at work and examine the conditions and workplace factors that lead to employee dissatisfaction, with the goal of identifying areas for productivity enhancement. The research was limited to the selected organization(s) name Nadia enterprise in Benin City, Edo State. The population of this study is made up of all the staff in Nadia Enterprise. The study covers all groups and cadre of staff in the Organization. The population stands at 85 staff in the Organization being composed of professionals and non-professionals. The absence of a sampling technique in the questionnaire administration for this study was attributed to the insufficient staffing levels at Nadia Enterprise. The staff at Nadia Enterprise is relatively small or homogeneous in terms of characteristics relevant to the study, using a sampling technique may not yield substantial benefits. Computed frequency distributions, averages, modes, range and percentages was used to draw inferences on the degree of occurrence of the variables measured within our study sample. It was concluded that a substantial proportion of respondents recognize a positive relationship between job satisfaction and both employee motivation and increased productivity. Furthermore, the majority of participants underscore the pivotal role of recognition and appreciation in enhancing job satisfaction, ultimately leading to improved productivity. Based on the findings and conclusion the researcher then give the necessary recommendations.