FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Enterohepatic Circulation (EHC) is the process by which bile acid are secreted from the liver into the bile, excreted into the small intestine and then reabsorbed back into the liver. This efflux process is spurred by drug saturation, which is a condition in
which the rate of absorption of the drug is limited by the rate of transport to the liver or the rate of secretion into the bile. EHC plays a crucial role for several liver and gastrointestinal functions such as bile flow, solubilization and excretion of cholesterol,
clearance of toxic molecules, intestinal absorption of lipophilic nutrients, as well as metabolic and antimicrobial effects. Despite its positive impact in human homeostasis, it is known that EHC can increase toxicity of drugs(due to incomplete elimination
during recycling), increased risk of gallstones which result to systemic diseases such as cholelithiasis, bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer and hepatotoxicity(drug liver injury). In the formulation of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of EHC Drugs
with Saturation Kinetics is formulated. The model is affected by secreted drug in the hepatocyte and gastrointestinal compartment with delay effect on metabolites. The drug toxicity threshold parameter and delay effect accounting for gallbladder and intestine disorder(alter the rate of bile circulation) will be discussed. The model is rigorously analyzed on Drug Free Equilibria, Drug Saturation Equilibria, Toxicity Equilibria and Drug Reabsorption Equilibria. Threshold value for Pathological parameter for
which there exist a trans from Hoph bifurcation to periodic system was established. The direction of Stability (super critical and subcritical) was also established. Global and Local stabilities were also investigated. The results from the analysis showed that drug saturation induces toxicity in theabsence of pathological defect parameters when Drug Toxicity Number (DTN) is
greater than one .Whereas in the presence of pathological parameters (Mild Case), Drug Toxicity does not annul the physiological state of the compartments hence cannot effect drug reabsorption. There exist a threshold for pathological parameters
for which drug reabsorption occurs, and defect in physiological compartment progresses from mild to acute case when pathological parameters exceed this threshold τ_1+τ_2>(v_2+2m_2)/η_2 . Hoph bifurcation analysis on the Drug Free and Drug Saturation Equilibria showed that there exist an upper bound for which the system remains asymptotically stable. Numerical results obtained from this work will provide a framework for Pharmaceutical Policies and decisions on EHC.

The derivation and solution of the celebrated Black-Scholes OptionPricing Formula is set out in rather more detail than has appeared in the literature so far. One problem with the Black-Scholes analysis is that the mathematical skills required in the derivation and particularly in the solution of the model are fairly advanced and probably unfamiliar to most economists. In this project, we will derive the Black-Scholes pricing model of a European option by calculating the expected value of the option. We will assume that the stock price is log-normally distributed and that the universe is risk neutral. Then, using Ito’s Lemma, we will justif5’ the use of the risk-neutral rate in these initial calculations. Finally, we will prove put-call parity in order to price European put options, and apply the concepts of the Black-Scholes formula to value an option with pricing equity

Schiff bases and their complexes are versatile compounds synthesized from the condensation of an amino compound with carbonyl compounds and widely used for industrial purposes and also exhibit a broad range of biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial, antimalarial, antiproliferative, anti inflammatory, antiviral, and antipyretic properties. Many Schiff base complexes show excellent ca alytic activity in various reactions and in the presence of moisture. Over the past few years, there have been many reports on their applications in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The high thermal and moisture stabilities of many Schiff base complexes were useful attributes for their application as catalysts in reactions involving at high temperatures. The activity is usually increased by complexation therefore to understand the properties of both ligands and metal can lead to the synthesis of highly active compounds. The influence of certain metals on the biological activity of these compounds and their intrinsic chemical interest as multidentate ligands has prompted a considerable increase in the study of their coordination behaviour. Development of a new chemotherapeutic Schiff bases and their metal complexes is now attracting the attention of medicinal chemists.

Carrot (daucus carota) is an important root vegetable, which has various bioactive compounds like carotenoids and dietary fibers with appreciable levels of several other functional components having significant health-promoting properties. The consumption of carrot and its products is gaining rapid attention because it has been identified as an important source of natural antioxidants having anticancer activity. Apart from carrot roots being traditionally used in salad and preparation of many cuisines, carrots could commercially be converted into nutritionally rich processed products like juice, concentrate, dried powder, canned, preserve, candy, pickle, and gazrailla. Carrot pomace containing about 50% of β-carotene could profitably be utilized for the supplementation of products like cake, bread, biscuits and preparation of several types of functional products. This research work highlights the nutritional composition, health promoting phytonutrients, functional properties of carrot and by-products utilization of carrot along with the potential application of these products. It has been shown that the carrot has a moisture content of 25.34%, ash content 8.21%, crude fibre 3.08%, crude fat 5.07%, protein 4.15%and carbohydrateof54.15% these findings proves that the carrot is of good quality. The presence of mineral elements such as Zinc (2.5mg/kg) Manganese (0.6mg/kg), Iron (2.09mg/kg), Magnesium(20.6mg/kg), Calcium (18.50mg/kg). indicates its safe consumption while the presence of bio active compounds such as glycosides, saponins, phenolics, eugenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins all contribute to its nutritional values.

This project centers on crafting a Parent-Teacher Communication Portal, acknowledging parents' pivotal role in supporting students' success. The focus is on developing an easy-to-use platform fostering real-time collaboration between parents and teachers for monitoring children's daily school performance. The study scrutinizes the current system, leading to the design of a new system poised to reduce parents' time accessing their children's reports significantly. This innovative system cultivates a community-like space where teachers and parents can engage in conversations based on students' school activities. The methodology adopted for this project is the Agile SDLC Methodology, employing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the frontend development and PHP for the backend development, with Xampp web server and MySQL database server for implementation. The goal is to create an efficient, user-friendly, and interactive tool that strengthens the vital connection between parents and teachers in supporting students' educational journeys.

This study statistically examined the impact of choice of study programme, gender, age at admission, and ethnic affiliation on students’ academic performance in the University of Benin. The main objective was to determine the extent to which these variables influence students’ academic outcomes. A quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected from undergraduate students across various faculties using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) through descriptive statistics, chi-square test of independence and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that the first choice of study programme had a significant influence on students’ academic performance, indicating that students who were given their first choice performed better than those who were placed in programmes by external influence. However, the demographic variables—gender, age at admission, and ethnic affiliation—did not show
statistically significant effects on academic performance. This implies that while demographic characteristics may influence students’ experiences, they do not independently determine academic achievement in the University of Benin based on this study. The study concludes that academic performance is more strongly influenced by students’ motivation and programme alignment as encapsulated in their first choice course of study than by demographic differences.

Ten (10) samples collected from six (06) different locations around Dagballa area in Akoko-Edo area, Southern Nigeria, were studied using field, geochemical and petrographical analysis to determine the relative abundance and distribution of major and minor elements present in the samples. The ten (10) samples comprise nine (09) pegmatite samples and one augen gneiss (01)sample which is the host rock are delineated as DA1-10 for easy recognition. Sampling interval for the rock samples varied depending on the aerial extent of each outcrop and fieldenvironmental conditions encountered. DA1 and DA2 were obtained from location 1, DA3 and DA4 from location 2, DA5 and DA6 from location 3, DA7 and DA8 from location 4, DA9 was obtained from location 5 and DA10 was obtained from location 6. The pegmatites in the Dagballa, area occurs as intrusions and is hosted by Augen-Gneiss. There is the presence of a sharp zonation and chilled margin in the first three locations encountered. The estimated contact between the pegmatite and the granite-gneiss is 30m. From thin section analysis, the pegmatites from Dagballa consist of quartz and feldspar minerals with microcline and albite being the dominant feldspar minerals present in most of the samples. Also, muscovite, biotite, opaque and other accessory minerals are present in minute quantities. Composite whole-rock samples were analyzed for major and minor oxides using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF). The results reveal the pegmatites are very siliceous with SiO2 values of 66.75 wt.% to 74.75 wt.%. Al2O3 values are relatively moderate between14.57 wt.% to 15.61 wt.%. Na2O and K2O abundances are low and ranges between 2.76 wt.% to 5.56 wt.% and 3.50 wt.% to 8.43 wt.% respectively. MgO abundances are generally low (0.05-0.20 wt.%). Fe2O3 abundances are generally low between 0.30-0.47 wt.% with the exception been the abundance (5.82 wt.%) probably obtained from the host rock. Alumina saturation index (A/CNK) computation with values ranging from 1.160 to 1.738 indicates the rock samples are all peraluminous and therefore indicate S-type granite.

This project is to evaluate privacy policies in mobile applications. It revealed Assess the clarity, readability, and structure of privacy policies used in selected mobile applications, evaluate the consistency between the stated privacy policies and the actual data handling practices of the mobile applications, identify specific areas within mobile privacy policies where vague or misleading terms are commonly used, examine the extent to which user input data is collected, processed, and shared without clear disclosure in the privacy statements, use Python-based tools to automate the detection and analysis of discrepancies between privacy policies and app behaviours, recommend practical improvements for making mobile application privacy policies more transparent, accurate, and user-friendly. This study designed and evaluation approach to examine how mobile applications present and apply their privacy policies

In this project work, we look at how the least-square polynomial regression model is used to fit a non-linear relationship between a response variable and an explanatory variable in curve fitting. Finding a mathematical equation or model that best fits a noisy data has experience some drawback in curve fitting. i.e. finding an appropriate fit that best depicts the behaviour of the data. The purpose of this project is to show how the polynomial regression model can be used to show the relationship that exist between two variables; where the linear regression model is inadequate in describing such a relationship. The method of curve fitting used in this study is the least square polynomial regression method. It is designed in a way that, the model parameters are estimated by minimizing the residual term of the polynomial regression model; and then used the model to find the line that best fits the data points of the data set. This method was validated by modelling a data extracted from Nigeria Stock Exchange; and the model was able to predict over 80% of the relationship that existed in the data. It was discovered that the inadequacies of the simple linear regression model in describing the relationship that existed in a data set could be easily tackled by fitting a polynomial regression line. This is done by increasing the power of the independent variable to a higher power until we get a best fit

Water quality assessment of Ashaka Community has been carried out using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the prevalent parameters during wet and dry seasons respectively. The total of ten (10) samples; nine (9) groundwater and one (1) surface water sample(s) were collected at random to cover the area of study during both seasons. The results showed that pH, EC, Cl, TSS and alkalinity were the most prevalent parameters in both seasons. Furthermore, other parameters measured besides pH, E-Coli and Coliform counts were below the values set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and World Health Organization (WHO). The high values of E-Coli and Coliform counts revealed the presence of biological contaminants in the water. The moderately acidic values obtained in the water samples and the high concentration of E-Coli and Coliform counts rendered the water unfit for drinking except routine treatment is administered( a neutralizing filter is used if drinking water is acidic to raise the pH to neutral synthetic magnesium oxide treats water with pH less than 6). However, the quality of water in the area can be used for crops production.