2019

In this study, the potential of Ikpoba river dam being used as a multipurpose dam was evaluated. Before the evaluation, the flow regime behaviour of the river was modelled and predicted using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network (ANN) in MATLAB software. The river daily discharge, temperature and precipitation data sets from 1991 to 1995 were used for the prediction. In applying ANFIS using hybrid algorithm, five different models: model-1, model-2, model-3, model-4 and model-5 were created using 1995 data sets as the target outputs in all the five models. Only discharge data sets for 1994; 1994 and 1993; 1994, 1993 and 1992; 1994, 1993, 1992 and 19991 were used as the input data sets for model-1 to model-4 respectively. Model-5 was created by indexing monthly temperature and precipitation into model-4 to see the effect of climate change on the models. ANN was also applied to the same models as created with ANFIS. In ANN, three training algorithms; Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG) and Bayesian Regularization (BR) were used. Five performance evaluation criteria namely coefficient of correlation (R), coefficient of determination (R2), mean square error (MSE), modelling efficiency (E) and index of agreement (IOA) were used for comparative analysis.The results of both ANFIS and ANN using the five performance evaluation criteria (R, R2, MSE, E and IOA) showed that model-5 (when the effect of climate change was incorporated) performed better than the other four models. The training phase in model-5 of ANFIS showed an over-estimation of 0.043% of the observed target output sets while an over-estimation of 0.044% was observed in the testing phase. The training phase in model-5 of ANN (LM) showed an over-estimation of 0.11% of the observed target output sets while an over-estimation of 0.14% was observed in the testing phase. The training phase in model-5 of ANN (SCG) showed an over-estimation of 0.21% of the observed target output sets while an over-estimation of 0.31% was observed in the testing phase. The training phase in model-5 of ANN (BR) showed an over-estimation of 0.17% of the observed target output sets while an over-estimation of 0.19% was observed in the testing phase. It was therefore concluded that ANFIS performed better than ANN in all the five models and that ANN (LM) performed best followed by ANN (BR) and ANN (SCG) in the ANN models. When the potential of Ikpoba dam being used as a multipurpose dam was evaluated, it was discovered that the dam with ultimate water pumping capacity of 160 x 106 liters/day could also be utilized to produce 5.26MW of power monthly (with discharge of 31.9m3/s) using a hydropower plant. The annual volume of water in the reservoir available for this hydropower scheme is 0.523 x 106m3

The study examined knowledge sharing among students and among staff in the University of Benin. The objective of the study was to examine the means of knowledge sharing, factors that enhances knowledge sharing, barriers to knowledge sharing, and importance of knowledge sharing among student and among staff. The methodology adopted in the study was the survey method using simple random sampling to acquire a representative sample. The questionnaire was administered to 100 students and 100 staff of the University of Benin and analyzed using percentage and mean. The findings of the study revealed that knowledge sharing occurs among students and among staff through the social media, online discussion groups, tutorials, peer coaching, conferences, lecturing etc, the factors that enhances knowledge sharing among students and among staff are the availability of teamwork spirit, availability of reward or incentives, flexible organization structure, trust, motivation, good leadership style, collaborative working environments etc. The barriers to knowledge sharing were lack of time, lack of knowledge sharing culture, fear of providing wrong information, rigid organizational structure, inadequate technological resources, inadequate awareness on knowledge sharing etc. Improvement in performance, increment in knowledge capacity, encouragement of collaboration etc were highlights of the importance of knowledge sharing. Conclusion drawn was that Knowledge sharing improves students and staff performance in general and as a result, the performance and standard of the academic institution is improved. Therefore, it was recommended that university of Benin should bring to students and staffs awareness the importance of knowledge sharing. There should also be provision of knowledge sharing infrastructures and less emphasis should be placed on grade as it may encourage students to view knowledge as power.

The study examined knowledge sharing among students and among staff in the University of Benin. The objective of the study was to examine the means of knowledge sharing, factors that enhances knowledge sharing, barriers to knowledge sharing, and importance of knowledge sharing among student and among staff. The methodology adopted in the study was the survey method using simple random sampling to acquire a representative sample. The questionnaire was administered to 100 students and 100 staff of the University of Benin and analyzed using percentage and mean. The findings of the study revealed that knowledge sharing occurs among students and among staff through the social media, online discussion groups, tutorials, peer
coaching, conferences, lecturing etc, the factors that enhances knowledge sharing among students and among staff are the availability of teamwork spirit, availability of reward or incentives, flexible organization structure, trust, motivation, good leadership style, collaborative working environments etc. The barriers to knowledge sharing were lack of time, lack of knowledge sharing culture, fear of providing wrong information, rigid organizational structure, inadequate technological resources, inadequate awareness on knowledge sharing etc. Improvement in performance, increment in knowledge capacity, encouragement of collaboration etc were highlights of the importance of knowledge sharing. Conclusion drawn was that Knowledge sharing improves students and staff performance in general and as a result, the performance and standard of the academic institution is improved. Therefore, it was recommended that university of Benin should bring to students and staffs awareness the importance of knowledge sharing. There should also be provision of knowledge sharing infrastructures and less emphasis should be placed on grade as it may encourage students to view knowledge as power.

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is an acidic, viscous, and voluminous colloidal suspension formed during palm oil processing from the mixed stream of sterilizer condensate, separator sludge, and hydrocyclone wastewater. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological analysis of localized and mechanized palm oil mill effluents. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) were collected aseptically with sterile microbiological bottles from mechanized (NIFOR) and Local palm oil mill in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. The samples were immediately transported to the laboratory for analysis. The standard method of isolating microorganisms was adopted. Microorganisms were cultured on Nutrient Agar and …. Antimicrobial analysis was done using the agar well diffusion method. Local palm oil mill effluent had the highest bacteria count (13.00 x 10 3cfu/ml) while mechanized palm oil mill effluent had the least bacteria count (3.0 x 10 3cfu/ml). Bacteria isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Shigella dysentariae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus. P. aeruginosa (18.%) and E. coli (18.8%) were the most occurring bacterial isolates while S. dysentariae (7.8%) and P. mirabilis (7.8%) were the least occurring bacterial isolates. B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. dysentariae were susceptible to rocephin, septrin and resistant to gentamycin, zinnacef and ciprofloxacin. E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. enterica were resistant to augmetin and chloramphenicol and susceptible to pefloxacin and ofloxazin. P. aeruginosa was the most resistant bacteria with multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.7. E. coli was the least antibiotic resistant bacteria with multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.2%. Proper hygiene practice by palm oil workers and sanitation of the palm oil facilities should be constantly carried out to avoid transmission of potentially infectious agents to patients. Also, use of fertilizers to grow palm trees should be reduced to minimize the incidence of drug resistance.

Soil, surface water and groundwater samples were collected for physico-chemical, microbial and heavy metal analysis from different locations in Ologbo and environs. Thirteen (13) soil samples including Three controls (Pristine environment) were randomly collected at subsurface depth of 0-30cm, Thirteen surface water samples were collected including three controls and Ten (10) Groundwater samples were collected using random sampling Technique. The samples were collected in order to evaluate the level of pollution/Contamination of the media as a result of petroleum activities, wood industries and other anthropogenic activities within the study area. The results for the groundwater analysis showed pH (5.61-5-78), EC (54.64-65.74), Turbidity (0.05-0.12NTU), Cu (0.38-0.49mg/l), Zn (0.3-0.39mg/l), Cr (0.09-0.16mg/l), Ni (0.64-0.85mg/l), Fe (0.38 2.49mg/l), Mn (0.1-0.15mg/l and Pb (0.01-0.16mg/l). The results for the surface water showed pH (5.71-6.05), turbidity (7.31-13.92NTU), EC (87.11-95.2uS/cm), Zn (0.41-0.45mg/l), Fe (1.24-1.3mg/l), Cu (0.51-0.54mg/l), Cr (0.35-0.38mg/l), Ni (0.09-0.21mg/l) and Pb (0.02- 0.06). These results were compared with world and national standards, and control samples were
collected and used for comparison where needed .The result, of the analyses were further subjected to statistical treatment such as Spearman’s correlation Co-efficient, ANOVA and concentration Factor Analysis, to ultimately ascertain the spatial relationship between sample. The ANOVA results for soil samples indicated a very strong significant difference at (p<0.01)
between control and soil samples for all parameters. Correlation results revealed positive and negative correlation Co-efficient at r (0.01) and r (0.05) indicating strong relationship between them, which probably reflects their source of Contamination. Concentration maps generated for the area showed high concentrations of Lead, Copper and Iron around the central area, increasing towards the southwestern part of the maps. The groundwater flow map showed a 2-way flow direction towards the central part where the major river dividing the map is located. The overall results revealed moderate contamination/pollution of all varieties of samples analyzed and it’s here by recommended that important steps be taken to minimize the negative effects of oil exploration and wood industries in Ologbo.

For centuries natural products have played a very crucial role in health care and prevention of diseases.Extracts of G. kola have been demonstrated to possess antimicrobial effects and has also been shown to possess hepatoprotective activities. The seed is used to prevent and relieve colic, chest colds and cough and can as well be used to treat headache. The nature of the spermato zoa (their vitality, motility and morphology) and the composition of seminal fluid are important for sperm function. Basic sperm analysis measures the number of spermatozoa (per unit volume and per ejaculate), motility and morphology. This study was carried out on twenty healthy adult male Wistar rats weighing between 200g to 250g. Group A was the control group. Group B was low dose administration group (250mg/kg body weight).Group C was intermediate dose administration group (500mg/kg body weight). Group D was high dose administration group (1000mg/kg body weight) The result of the statistical analysis showed that Garcinia kola caused significant increases (P < 0.05) serum FSH, testosterone and percentage of abnormal sperm cells which in conjuction with the vascular congestion noticed. There was no significant difference in total sperm count, body weight and testes weight. There was significant decrease in sperm motility and morphology.

Divorce, defined as the legal dissolution of marriage, represents the formal termination of a marital union, marking its official end just as a wedding ceremony signifies its beginning. The causes of divorce are multifaceted and include factors such as abuse, financial mismanagement, infidelity, infertility, poor communication, early marriage, prolonged hardship, substance abuse, external family influence, and other marital conflicts. As a significant life crisis, divorce has increasingly attracted global attention due to its psychological, social, and economic implications for couples, their children, and society at large. Available literature indicates that marriage breakdown is on the rise worldwide. Statistics from developed countries reveal steady increases in divorce rates over the past decades, with notable figures recorded in the United States, Australia, and Sweden. Although accurate statistical data in Nigeria remain limited due to the tendency to handle divorce matters privately outside formal legal systems, existing studies and societal observations suggest a growing incidence of marital dissolution. Factors contributing to this increase in Nigeria include economic pressures, changing family structures, post-war societal shifts, women’s increasing independence, and broader processes of social liberalization. Overall, divorce continues to pose significant emotional and social challenges, highlighting the need for deeper understanding and intervention strategies.

This research work was conducted in the University of Benin, Benin City, with the aim to determine plant nutrient status under different land use types within the Ugbowo campus of the University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from twelve (12) sites, (three each) from four (4) different land use types, namely: Arable land, Fallow land, Grazing land, and Forest land at depths of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. Soil samples from same land use and same depth were bulked to make omposite samples which were taken to the laboratory for analysis using standard procedures. Some of the parameters analyzed for are, the Soil pH, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Nitrogen (N), Available Phosphorus (P), Exchangeable Acidity, Exchangeable Base (BS), particle size distribution, Electrical conductivity, Potassium (K) calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC). Results showed that the top soils belong to the textural class of loamy sand. Sand content decreased with depth in all land uses while clay content increased with depth. pH was least in arable land, having pH 4.93 and highest in grazing area, having pH 6.2. pH decreased with depth in all land uses except in grazing area, where it increased. TOC, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and sand content, all had their highest values in the top 15 cm of the soils but decreased down the profile
while H, Al, and clay values increased with depth. Grazing area had the highest amount of nutrients, which are; TOC (25.21 g/kg), available P (16.45 mg/kg), K (1.60 cmol/kg), Ca (1.31 cmol/kg) and Na (0.21 cmol/kg), while the forest had the highest concentration of N (1.93 g/kg). Arable land had the least concentration of nutrients.

This research work was conducted in the University of Benin, Benin City, with the aim to determine plant nutrient status under different land use types within the Ugbowo campus of the University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from twelve (12) sites, (three each) from four (4) different land use types, namely: Arable land, Fallow land, Grazing land, and Forest land at depths of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm. Soil samples from same land use and same depth were bulked to make composite samples which were taken to the laboratory for analysis using standard procedures. Some of the parameters analyzed for are, the Soil pH, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Nitrogen (N), Available Phosphorus (P), Exchangeable Acidity, Exchangeable Base (BS), particle size distribution, Electrical conductivity, Potassium (K) calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC). Results showed that the top soils belong to the textural class of loamy sand. Sand content
decreased with depth in all land uses while clay content increased with depth. pH was least in arable land, having pH 4.93 and highest in grazing area, having pH 6.2. pH decreased with depth in all land uses except in grazing area, where it increased. TOC, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and sand content, all had their highest values in the top 15 cm of the soils but decreased down the profile
while H, Al, and clay values increased with depth. Grazing area had the highest amount of nutrients, which are; TOC (25.21 g/kg), available P (16.45 mg/kg), K (1.60 cmol/kg), Ca (1.31 cmol/kg) and Na (0.21 cmol/kg), while the forest had the highest concentration of N (1.93 g/kg). Arable land had the least concentration of nutrients.

This study was designed to examine the effects of the use of Advance Organizers on students' achievement in reading comprehension in Ifako-Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State. This study was carried out using the quasi-experimental research design. A sample of 102 junior secondary school two (2) students were drawn from the population of 5396. The reliability coefficient of the instrument for this study is 0.5 using Kuder Richardson coefficient. Four (4) research questions were raised and hypothesized to guide this study. Two instruments were used for this study. Reading Comprehension Achievement Test 1(RCAT 1) and Reading Comprehension Achievement Test 2(RCAT 2). Both were made up of two sections. Section A consists of demographic information such as name of school, serial
number and student's gender. Section B consists of two comprehension passages having fifteen multiple choice questions. Students were pretested using RCAT 1 and post tested using RCAT 2. Data collected were analyzed using mean, t-test and ANCOVA.
The study revealed that there was difference in the reading comprehension achievement of students taught with the use of advance organizers. The study also revealed that there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores of students taught reading comprehension with the use of advance organizers. There was no significant difference in reading comprehension achievement of male and female students taught with the use of advance organizers and there was no interaction effect of method by gender on students' achievement in reading comprehension. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the use of advance organizers enhances students' achievement in reading comprehension over the use of the basal method. Based on this, the study amongst others recommend that teachers should be encouraged to teach reading using the best possible methods like the use of advance organizers which was found to be very effective. Also, teachers should be trained on how to use the method so as to avoid distractions and manage time.