SYSTEM

This study presents the design and fabrication of a Smart Internet of Thing (IoT)-based feul monitoring system for agricultural tractors. The system aims to improve operational efficiency, minimize fuel theft, and enhance real-time decision-making in mechanized farming. It integrates an ultrasonic fuel level sensor, NodeMCU V3microcontroller, GPS, and GSM modules to provide continuous fuel data and location tracking. Using Blynk and Thing Speak IoT platforms, real-time fuel levels, consumption trends, and geographic positions were displayed through web and mobile interfaces. Calibration and testing revealed that the system achieved high measurement accuracy with an error margin of less than ±5%, Wi-Fi data transmission latency between 6–8 seconds, and SM S alert delay of 7–12 seconds. The prototype demonstrated effective performance under field conditions, withstanding vibration, heat, and moisture without data loss. Results confirm that the developed IoT-based system is affordable, reliable, and user-friendly for small- and medium-scale farmers. It enables efficient monitoring of fuel resources, enhances accountability, and supports preventive maintenance through analytics and alert mechanisms. Overall, the system bridges the technological gap in fuel management for agricultural operations in developing regions and contributes to sustainable mechanization practices

This study aimed to design and implement a low-cost microcontroller-based system for monitoring the energy consumption of individual workshop machines, addressing the limitations of conventional centralized metering systems that fail to provide machine- specific data. The literature review examined previous work on energy monitoring technologies, including commercial, open-source, and academic systems, highlighting the growing role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in enabling real-time data acquisition and remote monitoring. It emphasized the need for affordable, scalable, and educationally adaptable solutions for developing regions, where technical expertise and financial resources are limited. The research adopted an experimental design methodology involving hardware and software integration. The system was built using Arduino Nano and ESP32 microcontrollers, ZMPT101B voltage and SCT-013 current sensors, an LCD display, and a ThingSpeak IoT cloud interface. Mathematical modeling was applied to compute voltage, current, power, energy, and cost, while SolidWorks was used for casing design. Calibration and testing were conducted under varying load conditions to assess accuracy, response time, and data stability. Data were logged both locally on an SD card and remotely on the cloud for redundancy and analysis. Results indicated that the system achieved high accuracy within ±1% for voltage and ±5% for current, with an overall efficiency of 95% and IoT data transfer uptime of 98%. The developed prototype successfully provided real-time monitoring, stable performance, and reliable data transmission. The study concluded that the Arduino-based energy monitoring system is a cost-effective, scalable, and efficient solution suitable for educational, domestic,v and small-scale industrial applications. It recommended future enhancements in predictive analytics, multi-machine scalability, and integration with renewable energy management platforms.

This study examined the effect of elite fragmentation on party cohesion within Nigeria’s multiparty political system. The research traced how divisions among political elites manifesting in factionalism, ideological inconsistencies, personal rivalry, defection, and power struggles shape the stability and internal unity of political parties. Using a survey design and a structured questionnaire, data were collected from respondents across selected political institutions and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including regression techniques. The findings showed that elite fragmentation significantly weakens party cohesion by promoting internal crises, reducing organizational discipline, and increasing the likelihood of defections and parallel party structures. The study also revealed that elite competition for influence often undermines party ideology and policy consistency, leading to unstable electoral alliances and reduced public confidence. It concludes that Nigeria’s multiparty system is highly vulnerable to elite-driven instability, which compromises effective party functioning and broader democratic consolidation. The study recommends strengthening internal party democracy, enforcing clearer party rules, and promoting ideological clarity to reduce elite-induced fragmentation and enhance party cohesion

Sales order accounting system development is essential for modern retail businesses seeking to eliminate the inefficiencies of manual sales processing, inventory tracking, and financial reporting. This project presents the design and implementation of a fully automated, client-side sales order accounting system built with HTML5, CSS3, vanilla JavaScript, and localStorage. The system integrates seamless sales order creation with unique identifiers and real-time input validation, dynamic inventory management featuring instant stock updates and proactive low-stock alerts, and comprehensive financial reporting modules that generate daily sales summaries, profit-and-loss statements, and exportable transaction logs. It also supports basic marketing functions by enabling secure export of customer purchase records for personalized email or SMS promotions. The application runs entirely offline, supports cross-session data persistence, and features a clean, intuitive, mobile-responsive interface, making it suitable for small businesses with limited technical infrastructure. Although Shoprite is referenced as an example of a large retailer already using computerized systems, this solution is specifically designed to provide small businesses with an affordable, scalable blueprint for digital transformation. Rigorous testing showed 98% accuracy in transaction processing, a 70% reduction in order-processing time, and a 4.7/5 satisfaction rating from test users, demonstrating its reliability, efficiency, and practical value in real retail environments.

This work intends to provide a computer based system for the maintenance of personnel records of employees in organization. The work addresses limitations identified with manual method of handling personnel records of employees in a firm by providing a better platform to eliminate fraud, corruption, file hiding and misplacement, records falsification, duplication, fragmentation, inconsistencies and
other vices attendant with manual method of handling personnel records. The Personnel Information System (PIS) software is a user friendly package that gives one the fit to accurately monitor employees' records effortless. With Personnel Information System (PIS), the personnel records of employees in a firm regardless of their place of assignment are simultaneously integrated and rationalized through
the creation of a single system that provides accurate information to all in a time and cost efficient manner. This software is designed for stand-alone windows environment, but has the ability to be networked. The interface is Visual Basic language with the structured query language (SQL). The implementation of the system will provide speedy retrieval of data as well as enhancing effective and efficient data.

Bank reconciliation is a process that explains the difference between the bank
balance shown in an organization's bank statement, as supplied by the bank, and
the corresponding amount shown in the organization's own [accounting] records at
a particular point of time, this project examines how effective bank reconciliation
could be achieved