SCHOOL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES

Introduction: There is growing concern over the impact that social media use by university students could have on their academic performance due to its effect on sleep. The study assessed the influence of social media use, sleep quality and academic performance of students of the School of Basic Medical Sciences of the University of Benin. Methods: A descriptive survey research design was utilized in the study. Stratified random sampling technique was adopted for selecting 344 undergraduates. The data collection instrument included a structured questionnaire, which contained SMUS, PSQI and academic performance measure (CGPA). Descriptive analysis of participants' profile was undertaken using simple statistics and Pearson correlation was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. Results: Amongst all the respondents, 60.5% were female. The average SMUS was 10.09 ± 1.72, implying high levels of social media engagement, while the mean PSQI score was 7.73 ± 4.14, depicting fair to poor sleep quality. With respect to academic performance, 55.8% of the respondents scored between 3.50 and 4.49 CGPA. A strong negative correlation between social media usage and academic performance (r = -0.244, p < 0.001) was found. There was, however, no significant association between social media usage and sleep quality (p = 0.813) nor between sleep quality and academic performance (p = 0.391). Conclusion: This study reveals that social media usage adversely impacts academic performance, and sleep quality does not act as a mediator in this relationship. The students are advised to adopt healthy social media practices and concentrate on academics. The institution should consider raising awareness about this issue through appropriate digital literacy programs. iv Keywords: Social media usage, sleep quality, academic performance, undergraduates, Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin.

When Women gets pregnant, it induces profound metabolic changes, particularly in lipid metabolism, to support maternal adaptation and fetal growth. While these alterations are physiological, excessive deviations may predispose women to cardiovascular complications such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. The Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), derived from triglyceride and HDL-C levels, has emerged as a useful biomarker for evaluating cardiovascular risk during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and lipid profile variations among pregnant women across the three trimesters in Benin City, Nigeria, in order to assess trimester-specific cardiovascular risk patterns. A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed involving pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Benin City, blood samples were collected and analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) using standardized enzymatic colorimetric methods. The AIP was calculated as log(TG/HDL-C). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, correlation, and regression models, with significance set at p < 0.05. The study population was predominantly aged 20–34 years (79%), with most in the third trimester (47%). Pregnant women showed significantly higher BMI and LDL-C compared to non-pregnant controls (p < 0.001). Triglycerides increased progressively from the first trimester (103.52 ± 8.74 mg/dL) to the third (140.04 ± 5.22 mg/dL, p = 0.003). LDL-C peaked in the third trimester (151.36 ± 5.56 mg/dL, p = 0.01), while HDL-C remained relatively stable. The mean AIP rose significantly with gestational age (p = 0.022), with third-trimester values higher than first-trimester values (p = 0.017). AIP correlated strongly and positively with triglycerides across all trimesters (r = 0.76–0.91, p < 0.001), and negatively with HDL-C in late pregnancy (r = – 0.641, p < 0.001). Pregnancy in Benin City is characterized by progressive increases in triglycerides, LDL-C, and AIP, particularly in the third trimester. These findings highlight the need to include lipid and AIP monitoring in antenatal care for early identification of women at risk of adverse outcome.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with multiple complications, including increased susceptibility to infections of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV).The coexistence of diabetes and viral hepatitis poses significant clinical risks, potentially accelerating progression to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related mortality. This study investigated the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among diabetic patients attending the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Nigeria. A hospital-based crosssectional design was employed, involving 200 diabetic patients recruited through purposive sampling. Venous blood samples were aseptically collected from each participants and spun at 3,000 rpm. The serum samples obtained were each screened for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCV antibodies using rapid chromatographic immunoassays with high sensitivity and specificity. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression. The overall prevalence of HBV infection was 2.0%, (P>0.023) while no HCV infection was detected. HBV prevalence showed no statistically significant association with demographic or clinical variables, though bivariate analysis suggested possible links with duration of diabetes, intravenous drug use, and invasive practices. The absence of HCV infection may reflect regional variability or low transmission risk in this population. Findings highlight a relatively low HBV prevalence compared to national estimates but underscore the need for routine hepatitis screening among diabetic patients, considering their increased vulnerability to chronic liver disease. Strengthening public health strategies through awareness, vaccination, and integration of viral hepatitis screening into diabetes care is recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality in this high-risk group.

Infertility remains a major reproductive health concern, often influenced by hormonal imbalance and impaired uterine morphology. The present study evaluated the modulatory effects of Jatropha tanjorensis on fertility hormones and uterine structure in Ocimum gratissimum treated female Wistar rats. Thirty (30) adult female Wistar rats weighing 130–160g were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I served as control and received Food and water; Group II received Ocimum gratissimum extract (500 mg/kg); Group III received Jatropha tanjorensis extract (500 mg/kg); Group IV received a combined extract of both plants (500 mg/kg each); and Group V served as a Proginova-treated or recovery group. Extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight (28) days. Blood samples were collected for hormonal assay, and ovarian and uterine tissues were excised for histological evaluation.The results revealed that administration of O. gratissimum and J. tanjorensis significantly increased serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (p < 0.05), whereas estrogen and progesterone levels decreased across treatment groups when compared with control. Co-administration of both extracts produced an intermediate hormonal profile, suggesting partial modulation of the antifertility effects induced by O. gratissimum. Prolactin and testosterone levels were elevated, indicating possible disruption of steroidogenic enzyme activity. Histological examination of the uterus showed reduced endometrial thickness and mild stromal vacuolation in treated groups, consistent with hormonal findings.In conclusion, Jatropha tanjorensis and Ocimum gratissimum significantly influenced female reproductive hormones and uterine morphology. The combined administration resulted in moderated but persistent endocrine alterations, implying complex phytochemical interactions. These findings suggest that chronic or unregulated use of these plants for fertility enhancement may pose reproductive risks. Further molecular and mechanistic studies are recommended to elucidate their exact hormonal pathways.

Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) is a tropical evergreen tree commonly used as a culinary spice and traditional remedy for its stimulant, carminative, and antioxidant properties. Its seeds contain phytochemicals such as myristicin, elemicin, safrole and eugenol which possess both beneficial and potentially toxic effects. Although nutmeg is widely consumed, high or prolonged intake has been linked to renal toxicity mediated by oxidative imbalance. This study investigated the effects of aqueous Myristica fragrans seed extract on renal function, oxidative stress biomarkers, and kidney histoarchitecture in adult Wistar rats. Twenty adult Wistar rats weighing were divided into four groups [A,B,C,D] where group A [serves as Control] receives animal feed [grower mash] with distilled water for 28 days while groups B, C and D were administered with 200mg/kg, 750mg/kg and 1000mg/kg respectively of the aqueous extract of Myristica fragrans for 28days. An Orogastric tube was used for daily administration of the extract to the rats. Rats were sacrificed on the 29th day. Upon sacrifice, renal function was assessed using serum urea and creatinine levels, oxidative stress was evaluated via markers like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and structural integrity was examined through histopathological analysis of kidney tissues. The results shows that the aqueous Myristica fragrans extract exerts dose-dependent renal alterations encompassing biochemical, oxidative, and histological dimensions. While low-dose exposure initiates mild oxidative and vascular stress, higher doses lead to significant renal dysfunction characterized by elevated urea, antioxidant depletion and lipid peroxidation. Histopathological examination revealed a dose-dependent progression of injury from normal architecture in the control group to mild degenerative changes (swelling and congestion) at 200mg/kg, advancing to perivascular fibrosis (scarring) at 750mg/kg, and culminating in severe, active peritubular inflammatory infiltrates at the highest dose of 1000mg/kg. The findings underscore the importance of dose regulation and controlled use of Myristica fragrans in traditional and dietary applications, as chronic or excessive intake may compromise renal health despite its known therapeutic potential.

Infection prevention and control (IPC) measures are a cornerstone of safe healthcare delivery, aimed at minimizing the risks of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) among patients, radiographers and the broader community. The study aimed to assess the knowledge and comprehension of infection prevention and control methods among radiographers at UBTH. The study utilized a cross sectional descriptive design with a sample size of 31 radiographers. The results showed that knowledge levels were high, with 96.8% correctly defining IPC, 100% identifying its aim as infection prevention, and 100% recognizing PPE components. While 71.0% always used PPE and 61.3% always followed hand hygiene, only 51.6% sometimes cleaned equipment after use, sometimes received updates, and sometimes reported breaches. This indicated moderate-to-high compliance with notable gaps. The greatest challenge was inadequate training and resources, cited by 61.3% of respondents. Additionally, 51.6% always felt at risk of infection during procedures, while limited access to PPE and weak management support were also identified. The chi-square test showed χ² = 0.11, df = 2, p = 0.95. Since p > 0.05, the null hypothesis was accepted, indicating no significant relationship between knowledge and compliance of IPC among radiographers at UBTH. In conclusion the study revealed that radiographers at UBTH possess high knowledge of IPC principles, particularly regarding hand hygiene, PPE use, and sharps disposal. However, compliance was inconsistent, especially in
areas requiring institutional reinforcement, such as equipment cleaning, reporting breaches, and receiving regular protocol updates. The major barriers identified were lack of training
opportunities.

Background: Functional decline during hospitalization is a major concern among older adults, as it can lead to loss of independence, increased morbidity, and longer recovery periods. Despite the growing elderly population in Nigeria, limited data exist on factors influencing physical functioning among hospitalized older adults.

Aim: This study investigated the predictors of physical functioning among hospitalized older
adults at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Edo State, Nigeria.
Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study involving 548 hospitalized older adults
aged 60 years and above admitted between January 2020 and December 2024. Data were
obtained from patient case notes using a structured data extraction form, including demographic,
clinical, and functional variables. Physical functioning was assessed using the Barthel Index.
Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson correlation and Chisquare
tests were applied, with the level of significance set at p<0.05.

Results: The mean age of participants was 74.49 ± 9.61 years, with 53% males and 47% females.
There was a significant negative relationship between age and physical functioning (r = −0.085,
p = 0.046) and a significant positive relationship between length of hospital stay and physical
functioning (r = 0.229, p < 0.001). Comorbidities (p < 0.001), primary diagnosis (p < 0.001), and
cognitive status (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with physical functioning, while pain
level showed no significant association (p = 0.291). Age, gross muscle power, range of motion,
and length of hospital stay emerged as significant predictors of physical functioning at discharge.

Conclusion: Age of hospitalized older adults is inversely related with their physical functioning,
while length of hospital stay is directly related to the physical functioning of older adults.

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal pain is increasingly prevalent among undergraduate students, largely due to prolonged sitting, poor posture, and sedentary lifestyles. These factors, often overlooked, can significantly affect students’ health, academic performance, and overall quality of life. Understanding the pattern of musculoskeletal discomfort and related postural habits is
essential for effective prevention and early intervention.

AIM: This study comprehensively investigated the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP),
the associated demographic factors, and the common posture profiles among university
undergraduates.

METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 385 undergraduates
using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Random sampling was used to select three
departments from seven faculties and three departments each from the selected faculty. A selfadministered
questionnaire adapted from the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and
Postural Behavioural Questionnaire was used to collect data including Socio- Demographic Data.
Descriptive and inferential statistics of Pearson’s correlation and Chi-square were used to
summarize the data. Alpha level was 0.05.
RESULTS: The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among respondents was highest in the lower
back (45.5%), followed by the neck (37.9%) and shoulders (27.3%). Most participants reported
moderate pain (49.4%) lasting 1–3 days. While 78.2% demonstrated good postural practices, no
significant associations was found between posture and gender (p= 0.805), similarly, there was
no significant association between prevalence of low back pain in 7 days and postural profile
(p=0.083), similarly, no significant association was found between training on proper posture
habits and postural profile (p=0.722).

CONCLUSION: Musculoskeletal pain is prevalent among undergraduates, particularly in the
lower back. Despite a high level of posture knowledge and good postural practices among
respondents, awareness alone may not be sufficient to reduce pain without behavioral changes.
Interventions focusing on active prevention strategies and sustained ergonomic education are
essential.

The research was on knowledge and perception of the radiographers on film-reporting in Edo State, Nigeria. The descriptive cross-sectional design was considered and data was collected through structured questionnaires that were conducted on 65 radiographers selected in a number of hospitals and diagnostic centres. The descriptive and inferential statistics were applied in analysing the data. The results showed that the majority of radiographers were well informed about the film reporting, and they acknowledged that it can enhance the efficiency of diagnostic procedures and patient care. Most of them gave favorable reports about the introduction of film reporting in radiographic practice and how it can help ease the workload of radiologists as well as improve their professional development. Nevertheless, the research has established some of the major obstacles like absence of formal training, policy support, medico-legal issues, and professional competition between radiographers and radiologists. The findings also indicated a significant role of academic background, workplace culture as well as radiographer support towards readiness to participate in film reporting. This paper concludes that radiographers in Edo state are informed, and eager to embrace the use of film reporting in case they are given proper training and enabling policies. It suggests that film reporting should be included in the radiography curriculum, the continuous professional development programs and the legal landscape should be clear to promote the safe and effective application of film-reporting practices in Nigeria.

Cerebellar dysfunction (CD), via oxidative stress, is an established effect of lead (Pb), a known heavy metal, even at low exposure. Tetrapleura tetraptera (T. tetraptera) fruit exhibits various pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated the activity of aqueous T. tetraptera fruit extract against lead acetate (PbA)-induced CD in Wistar rats. Sixty-eight Wistar rats were assigned to eight groups (n=8) and treated for twenty-eight days as follows: Groups A (control); B (100 mg/kg body weight (bw) of PbA; C (500 mg/kg bw of T. tetraptera and 100 mg/kg bw of PbA); D (1000 mg/kg bw of T. tetraptera and 100 mg/kg bw of PbA); E (200 mg/kg bw of Vitamin E and 100 mg/kg bw of PbA); F, G and H (500 mg/kg of T. tetraptera, 1000 mg/kg of T. tetraptera, and 200 mg/kg bw of Vitamin E), respectively. Subsequently, weights, neurobehavior, Pb concentration, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and cerebellar histology were assessed. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to identify phenolic compounds in T. tetraptera, and in-silico studies evaluated the binding interaction of some of the identified phenolic compounds (4-hydroxybenzoic acid and Resorcinol) to markers of apoptosis (caspase-3), inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, and Nf-κB), and oxidative stress (NRF2). A significant decrease (p<0.05) in weights and antioxidant enzymes, as well as a significant increase (p<0.05) in neurobehavioral deficits, lipid peroxidation, Pb concentration, and alterations in cerebellar histoarchitecture were observed in the PbA-exposed rats when compared to control. However, co-treatment of PbA-exposed rats with T. tetraptera significantly attenuated (p<0.05) these PbA-induced effects. Additionally, in-silico studies revealed a high binding affinity of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and Resorcinol to caspase-3, IL-6, TNF-α, Nf-κB, and NRF2, thus suggesting possible anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of T. tetraptera. This study provides research evidence suggesting that T. tetraptera has the potential for further development as a therapeutic agent against CD.