FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCE

The escalating ecological threats posed by invasive aquatic plants and the pressing need for sustainable bioenergy sources have driven the investigation of viable lignocellulosic feedstocks. This research centers on the thermochemical pretreatment of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to improve biodegradability and biogas production. Water hyacinth, recognized for its high lignin content that prolongs microbial digestion periods (30–60 days), was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) under varying conditions of temperature, dosage and reaction. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) via Design-Expert software was utilized to optimize the pretreatment variables and assess their impact on degradation efficiency. The compositional analysis of raw water hyacinth indicated a moisture content of 70.17%, ash content of 19.94%, crude fiber of 0.4932%, and volatile solids of 9.88%, underscoring its suitability as a biogas substrate. The thermochemical pretreatment markedly boosted organic matter solubilization, evidenced by soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) range of 36,600 mg/L and degree of degradation (%DD) reaching up to 91.05%, though RSM analysis showed no significant factor influences (mean %DD = 88.55%), implying a recalcitrance-induced plateau. The optimal conditions for the pretreatment were identified at temperatures of 80°C, 30ml NaOH dosage, and 30 minutes reaction time, yielding consistent improvements in solubilization. These results illustrate that thermochemical pretreatment effectively overcomes biomass recalcitrance in water hyacinth, enhancing digestibility and prospective biogas output.

Seed dormancy and slow germination rates are common challenges in the propagation of Citrus tangerina, limiting its agricultural productivity and commercial cultivation. This study examines the effects of soaking seeds in different mediums—distilled water, nitric acid (HNO₃), and salt solution (NaCl)—with varying exposure times (6, 12, and 24 hours) to determine their influence on germination performance and early seedling growth. The objective is to identify an effective pre-treatment method to enhance germination, improve seedling vigor, and assess salinity tolerance. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed, where treated seeds were monitored for germination percentage, mean germination time, seedling vigor index, root-shoot length, and overall seedling health. The results indicated that HNO₃ significantly improved germination rates and seedling vigor, likely due to its ability to soften the seed coat and break dormancy. Seeds soaked in distilled water exhibited moderate germination improvement, supporting its role in hydrating and activating metabolic processes. In contrast, NaCl treatment negatively impacted germination and seedling growth, with prolonged exposure (24 hours) leading to reduced vigor, suggesting that Citrus tangerina may be sensitive to saline conditions. These findings provide valuable insights into optimal seed pre-treatment methods for Citrus tangerina, benefiting citrus nurseries and large-scale plantations by improving propagation success. Additionally, the study contributes to understanding seed dormancy mechanisms, stress tolerance, and germination enhancement techniques. Future research should explore the biochemical and physiological responses of seeds to these treatments to further optimize germination protocols and assess long-term seedling development.

The study investigated the effect of Acanthus montanus leaf's aqueous extract on male Wistar rats' haematological parameters. The research aimed to evaluate the ability of the plant extract to protect and restore normal haematological parameters following administration of the extract. Fifteen male Wistar rats were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental groups received varying doses of the aqueous extract of Acanthus montanus orally for a specified period. Blood samples were analysed to determine haematological indices, including packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HB), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), and differential leukocyte count. Results revealed that administration of Acanthus montanus extract significantly (p < 0.05) improved haematological parameters in a dose- dependent manner compared to the untreated group. The extract normalised the levels of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell (RBC) count, while also stabilising white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts. The study indicates that Acanthus montanus possesses potent haematoprotective activity, likely due to its phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins, which help mitigateoxidative damage to blood cells. Therefore, the aqueous leaf extract of Acanthus montanus may serve as a potential natural therapeutic agent for managing haematological disorders and conditions associated with blood toxicity. Further studies are recommended to isolate and characterise the active compounds responsible for its protective effects.

This study Analyzed Atmospheric Parameters, PM₂.₅ concentration, temperature, and relative humidity within the University of Benin (UNIBEN) using a PurpleAir
sensor between January and March 2025. The research aimed to assess the air quality and evaluate the microclimatic conditions affecting the campus environment. The PurpleAir sensor was installed at the Space-Earth Environment Research Laboratory to record real-time data at two-minute intervals. Data were processed and analyzed using Microsoft Excel for descriptive statistics, correlation, and graphical presentation. The results revealed that PM₂.₅ concentrations ranged
between 58 µg/m³ and 202 µg/m³, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limit of 25 µg/m³, indicating consistently unhealthy air quality. Temperature values ranged from 20°C to 33°C, typical of the tropical dry and early wet seasons, while relative humidity varied between 32% and 100%. Analysis showed an inverse relationship between PM₂.₅ and relative humidity, implying that drier air conditions intensified particulate pollution. The findings highlight the need for continuous air monitoring and pollution control measures within the university. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of low-cost IoT- based sensors in generating reliable, real-time atmospheric data for environmental management and campus sustainability

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases globally, affecting people of all ages and sexes, but particularly prevalent among women and young adults. Parasitic UTIs play a significant role in developing regions where environmental, sanitary, and
socioeconomic conditions facilitate transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate the
presence of parasites in the urine samples of selected students of the University of Benin. A total
of sixty (60) midstream urine samples were collected and analyzed using standard
microbiological methods, including physical characteristics of each urine sample, such as color
and appearance, followed by chemical analysis using commercially available urine strips and
microscopic examination using a compound light microscope with the condenser lowered to
enhance contrast focused on identifying eggs or trophozoites characteristic of these parasites. The urinalysis showed that 24% of urine samples tested positive for leukocytes, 17% for nitrites, blood appeared in 10% and 15% for protein indicating possible urinary tract infections. Out of
the 60 urine samples examined, the overall prevalence of parasitic infection was 11.7%, with
Schistosoma haematobium (8.3%) being more common than Trichomonas vaginalis (3.3%). Higher infection rates were recorded among females and individuals aged 21–25 years. Although
parasitic urinary tract infections (UTIs) were found to be less common than bacterial UTIs, their
presence among university students indicates that they remain a relevant and concerning health
issue. These findings suggest a clear need for public health interventions focused on improving
hygiene, sanitation, and regular health monitoring within the university population. Implementing routine urine screening for both biochemical abnormalities and parasitic infections
would support early detection and timely treatment, helping to prevent complications. Additionally, students should be encouraged to adopt safe practices such as maintaining personal
hygiene, changing underwear regularly, avoiding exposure to contaminated water, and using
protective measures in shared facilities. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing the risk
and impact of parasitic infections in this vulnerable group.

Grapes contain bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, resveratrol, flavonoids, and phytoestrogens with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hormone-modulating potentials. Considering the rising prevalence of female infertility and the limitations of conventional therapies, this study explored grapes as a possible natural alternative to enhance reproductive health. This investigation was aimed at evaluating the effect of Vitis vinifera (grape) juice on pregnancy outcome in female rats using experimental animal model. Freshly prepared grape juice was administered orally to gravid albino Wistar rats at doses of 2 mL/kg and 5 mL/kg across the three trimesters of pregnancy. Key parameters assessed included maternal weight gain, serum progesterone levels, implantation sites, uterine horn development, pregnancy outcomes, fetal biometric indices, and blood glucose levels. The results showed significant improvements in maternal weight, progesterone concentration, implantation success, litter size, and fetal development in the grape-treated groups compared to controls. Additionally, low-dose grape juice maintained normoglycemia, while higher doses elevated blood glucose, indicating a dose dependent effect. These findings demonstrate that Vitis vinifera juice positively influences maternal physiology, enhances uterine receptivity, and improves pregnancy outcomes, highlighting its potential role as a nutraceutical for supporting female fertility.

Moringa oleifera Lam, a plant renowned for its medicinal and nutritional properties, has been widely consumed globally. However, its ethanol root extract, though utilized in traditional medicine, has not been extensively characterized for its anti-nutritional composition. This study aimed to quantify the levels of anti-nutritional properties present in the ethanol extract of M. oleifera Lam and to validate the health implications of consuming this extract. Using standardized analytical techniques, the ethanol root extract was assessed for its content of cyanide, oxalate, and phytate. The results showed significant levels of these anti-nutrients, with 0.32133333 mg/g of cyanide, 2..2 mg/g of oxalate, and 0.74255 mg/100g of phytate.These findings suggest that excessive consumption of the ethanol root extract may pose health risks due to the potential toxicity of these compounds. However, this study also highlights the potential benefits of these anti-nutrients in moderation, including their antioxidant properties, ability to regulate calcium levels, and support blood sugar control. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the antinutritional composition of the ethanol root extract of M. oleifera Lam and emphasize the need for proper processing and dosage to maximize its nutritional benefits while minimizing its potential health risks

Inflammation is a protective biological response, but when uncontrolled it contributes to chronic diseases. Conventional anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs and corticosteroids, although effective, are often limited by adverse effects with long-term use. This study evaluated the synergistic anti-inflammatory activity of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice as a potential safer alternative. Fresh juices were prepared and administered to albino mice at doses of 10 and 20 ml/kg after acute toxicity testing. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using formalin-induced paw oedema, egg albumin-induced oedema, and carrageenan induced oedema models. The combination significantly reduced inflammation in a dose-dependent manner across all models, with effects in some cases comparable to ibuprofen and aspirin. No signs of severe toxicity or mortality were observed. The observed activity is attributed to the combined actions of bromelain, lycopene, and Lcitrulline, which modulate oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. These findings suggest that pineapple and watermelon juice may serve as a safe and affordable functional food-based intervention in managing inflammatory conditions

Curry-leaf tree is scientifically known as Murraya koenigii. It used as spice in Nigerian local cuisine and use as a medicinal plant in India. In recent years, greater attention has been paid to the
use of plants and their extracts in traditional medicines and home remedies in the treatment of diseases and infections. This research project aim at investigating the phytochemical and
antimicrobial activity on some clinical isolates which are of gastrointestinal origin. Curry leaves were obtained from local market at New Benin, in Edo state. Pure clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella were obtained from the Medical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH). Identification of test organisms was based on their cultural, morphological and biochemical properties. Methanol, water and ethanol were used to extract the phytochemicals of the curry leaves. The leaf powder of the study plant was dissolved in various solvents and phytochemical analysis was carried out to test for
the presence of various phytochemical constituents of the curry leaves. The antimicrobial activity of the curry leaves extracts on the test isolates were examined using disc diffusion method. Zone of inhibition such as the minimum and maximum antimicrobial concentration of the extracts were determined. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out on standard antibiotics sensitivity disk. The antimicrobial effects of the curry leaves extracts was compared to standard antibiotics such as Tarivid, Augmentin, Amoxillicin, Pefloxacin, ampiclox, Streptomycin, Septrin, Erythromycin, Sparifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Chloramphenicol etc. Phytochemical test revealed alkaloid, carbonhydrate, Tannins and terpenoid in all three solvents for extract. Cardiac glycosides was present only in methanol and ethanol extract of the sample while saponins
was absent from all sample extract of the curry leaves. With all three (3) solvent extracts of the M. koenigii (curry leaves), minimum antimicrobial activity and zone of inhibtion at 25% aqueous
concentration of the curry leaves extract against E. coli, while the overall maximum antimicrobial
activity was recorded at a 100% aqueous concentration against Staphylococcus aureus. In the case of Klebsiella pseudomonas, all extracts failed to show antimicrobial activity. Keywords: Antimicrobial leaves extract, M. koenigii, Phytochemicals, Susceptibility.

The present study investigated the phytochemical profile and analgesic potential of the ethanolic stem extract of Sida acuta, a plant traditionally used in folk medicine for pain relief.The primary objectives were to identify and characterize the major phytochemicals present in the extract, evaluate its analgesic activity using established in vivo models, and compareitsefficacytostandardanalgesics,aspirinandpentazocine.
Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenes, tannins, and alkaloids—bioactive constituents widely associated with therapeutic effects. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) confirmed the diversity of these metabolites across different solvent systems, with a chloroform– ethanol (9:1) mixture yielding the highest number of detectable compounds, emphasizing the role of solvent polarity in extraction efficiency. Analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate models, representing peripheral and central nociception, respectively. The extract showed a dose-dependent inhibition of abdominal constrictions, achieving 100%inhibitionat400mg/kg,comparableorsuperior to aspirin at 100 mg/Kg of mice. Similarly, in the hot plate model, the extract significantly increased reaction times to thermal stimuli, with effects at 400 mg/kg comparable to pentazocine at 0.1 mg/Kg of mice, a standard opioid analgesic. These findings suggest that the extract exerts dual analgesic effects, likely involving suppression ofprostaglandin synthesis peripherally andmodulation ofcentral nociceptive pathways possibly via opioid or serotonergic mechanisms. FTIR spectral analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups characteristic of phenolic compounds, including O–H (3418.74-3571.33 broad stretch), C–O (1045.39 short C-C), and C=C bonds (1644.67 sharp long C=C conjugation), supporting the identification of flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids. GC-MS analysis further identified key compounds with known analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties such as Eugenol (RT:10, P.A: 0.30), Phytol (RT: 42.07, P.A: 6.13), Squalene (RT: 44.86 P.A: 10.85), and various fatty acid esters,supportingtheobserved pharmacologicalactivity.
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Overall, the study highlights Sida acuta stem extract as a promising source of natural analgesics with both peripheral and central mechanisms of action, warranting further investigation and potential pharmaceutical application.