Stimulants are a major constituent of psychoactive substances. They cause several untoward effects; including academic difficulty which can lead to untoward consequences for students. The understanding of the knowledge and pattern of use of stimulant will help in its prevention and control. Thus, this study intended to investigate the knowledge and practice and current prevalence rates of stimulant use, using the undergraduate students in the university of Benin as case study, age and gender of students as well monthly income and how they got to know about stimulants, specific type of stimulant used and reason for using stimulants. The instrument consisted of sociodemographic variables and the stimulant knowledge section, benefits, health effects and effects section of Questionnaire for Student Drug Use Survey. It was administered on 100 undergraduate students of University of Benin selected by random technique. The current prevalence rates of stimulant use were 61%, 54% and 50% respectively for the use caffeine, alcohol and cannabis. The majority (77%) of our respondents were in the age range of 21-25. Only 2% of our respondents were married. Therefore, efforts at curtailing the use of stimulants must start early; incorporating such strategy into primary school curriculum will be worthwhile. There is need to focus more on common stimulants like coffee, Kola nut, caffeinated energy drinks. Students need to study without using stimulants.

This study was carried out to investigate the personal and environmental factors influencing gender in sports performance among undergraduates of Wellspring University. To guide this study, three research questions were raised with corresponding hypotheses that were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The descriptive survey research design was adopted in this study. The population of this study was made up of 1714 undergraduates. The sample size of 400 undergraduates was selected using the Taro Yamane formula due to the large size of the population. The research instrument for the study was a self-constructed questionnaire. The statistical analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentage for the bio-data, inferential statistics of simple multiple regression was used in testing hypotheses 1 to 3 corresponding to research questions 1 to 3. The formulated hypotheses tested were set at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of this research based on the research questions raised and hypotheses formulated showed the following; there was a positive weak relationship between male and female students sports participation based on personal factors, which was not significant. Also, personal factors was the highest predictor of students’ sports participation; there was a positive weak significant relationship between male and female students sports participation based on environmental factors; as environmental factors was the highest predictor of students sports participation; there was a positive weak significant contributions of personal and environmental factors to students sports participation; as environmental factors was the highest predictor of students sports participation. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that there was a positive weak and insignificant relationship between male and female students sports participation based on personal factors, with personal factors being the highest predictors of students sports participation. Also, there was a positive weak and significant relationship ix between male and female students sports participation based on environmental factors, with environmental factors being the highest predictors of students sports participation. Lastly, there was a positive weak significant contributions of personal and environmental factors to students’ sports participation with environmental factors being the highest predictor of students’ sports participation. From the findings of the study it was recommended that; the necessary and ideal environment should be created to bring out the best among undergraduates in relation to their sports participation; undergraduates irrespective of their gender should be encouraged by all and sundry to regularly participate in sports; experts such as sports psychologists and other significant others should be able to manage undergraduates psychological and personal issues effectively to make them gain full satisfaction and enjoyment while engaging in sporting events.

This study presents the design and implementation of an AI-Based Career Guidance Chatbot developed to support Nigerian secondary school leavers in making informed academic and career decisions. Motivated by the growing complexity of career choices and the shortage of trained counsellors in Nigeria, the system uses artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) to deliver personalized, real-time guidance through a conversational interface. Using Yamane’s formula, 67 respondents were selected, and data were gathered through structured questionnaires and analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results showed that most students owned smartphones (94%) and had reliable internet access (80%), indicating strong readiness for AI-driven solutions. Users expressed high satisfaction with the chatbot’s ease of use, responsiveness, and personalized recommendations, reflected in mean perception scores of 4.1–4.6 on a 5-point scale. The study also identified persistent challenges in traditional counselling, including limited counsellor availability, high studentto-counsellor ratios, and inconsistent information. These findings highlight the potential of AI systems to complement existing counselling services by providing accessible, consistent, and data-driven support. The study recommends integrating AI chatbots into school counselling programs, maintaining updated academic data, and enforcing strong data privacy practices. Overall, the system shows promise for improving decision-making, boosting student confidence, and promoting equitable access to quality career guidance in Nigeria.

This study investigates the susceptibility of students at the University of Benin (UNIBEN) to phishing attacks and examines how to promote sustainable, safe email usage within the academic environment. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study collected quantitative data through structured surveys and qualitative insights from interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. The findings reveal that while students have a basic awareness of phishing, their understanding is superficial and they often rely on visual cues, which increases their vulnerability. Additionally, the current email security measures at UNIBEN—such as basic spam filters and password-based authentication—prove insufficient against sophisticated phishing tactics. The qualitative data further indicate that a lack of practical, hands-on cybersecurity training contributes significantly to the risk, with many students calling for interactive training and simulated phishing exercises. Based on these insights, the study concludes that enhancing both technical security measures and cybersecurity education is essential to reduce phishing susceptibility. Recommendations include implementing comprehensive, practical training programs, upgrading security protocols with multi-factor authentication, establishing formal incident reporting systems, and fostering a proactive cybersecurity culture. These steps are expected to strengthen the overall security of UNIBEN’s email system and promote a resilient academic environment.

Effective waste management remains one of the major challenges of modern urban environments. Traditional waste bins that require manual contact during use pose hygiene risks and contribute to the spread of germs and diseases, especially in public spaces, hospitals, and offices. The COVID- 19 pandemic further exposed the dangers of surface contamination, creating the need for contactless systems that minimize human interaction. To address these issues, this project focuses on the design and construction of a smart waste bin that automates lid operation using sensor-based control. The smart waste bin utilizes an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) to detect the proximity of a user’s hand and an Arduino microcontroller programmed to activate a servo motor for lid movement. The system operates on a simple logic: when an object or hand is detected within a set distance, the microcontroller signals the motor to open the lid, then closes it automatically after a short delay. The circuit was designed and tested using affordable, readily available components to ensure low cost, simplicity, and ease of replication. The constructed system was evaluated for detection accuracy, response speed, and reliability. Results showed that the smart bin performed efficiently, responding consistently to hand motion without physical contact. This innovation promotes hygiene, user convenience, and efficient waste disposal in domestic, institutional, and public settings. The project demonstrates that embedded systems and low-cost automation technologies can significantly improve sanitation and environmental management practices

The dissolution of statutory marriage in Nigeria is governed by the Matrimonial Causes Act, which recognises irretrievable breakdown of marriage but still requires proof of fault facts. This requirement has generated significant legal and practical challenges, particularly in relation to desertion, which remains one of the most technical and contentious fault facts. Desertion consists of the willful and unjustified cessation of matrimonial cohabitation by one spouse without consent, reasonable cause, and with the intention of permanently terminating cohabitation. This study examines the problems of fault facts in the dissolution of statutory marriage in Nigeria, with a specific focus on desertion. The objectives of the study are to examine the conceptual and theoretical foundations of marriage and its dissolution, analyse the legal and institutional framework governing dissolution of statutory marriage in Nigeria, and critically evaluate desertion as a fault fact, including its elements, statutory requirements, and evidential challenges. The study further assesses judicial attitudes and relevant case law on desertion, as well as the broader implications of a fault-based divorce regime. The study adopts a doctrinal research methodology, relying on statutory provisions, judicial decisions, textbooks, and scholarly literature. The study finds that the technical requirements for proving desertion, particularly animus deserendi and the absence of justification, often frustrate genuine claims and prolong irretrievably broken marriages. It concludes by recommending a reconsideration of the continued reliance on fault facts under Nigerian matrimonial law in favour of a more flexible and realistic approach to marital breakdown.

This research critically examines the adequacy of the Nigerian legal framework in regulating advertisements that target families, with a particular focus on protecting family values and shielding children from harmful content. In an era where media and marketing profoundly shape societal perceptions and behaviours, advertisements have moved beyond mere commerce to become potent cultural forces. Nigerian families, especially children, are increasingly exposed to advertisement content that promotes materialism, distorts parental roles, encourages early sexualisation, and reinforces unhealthy stereotypes, etc — raising serious moral, psychological, and societal concerns. Despite the existence of regulatory bodies such as the Advertising Regulatory Council of Nigeria (ARCON), the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC), and protective laws like the Child Rights Act and the APCON Code of Advertising Practice, enforcement remains weak, coordination among regulators is inconsistent, and legal provisions often fall short of addressing the unique vulnerabilities of families and children in the digital age. Using a mixed-method approach, this study combines doctrinal analysis of statutes, regulatory frameworks, and case law with empirical data collected through structured interviews and questionnaires administered to parents, legal professionals, educators, and regulatory officers and societal stakeholders. The research draws on the Social Responsibility Theory of the Press and the theory of Legal Paternalism to assess the role of the law in curbing harmful advertisements. It finds that while legal instruments exist, they lack the moral, cultural, and psychological sensitivity required to address the full impact of modern advertising on Nigerian families. The study ultimately recommends legal reform, enhanced media literacy, stronger institutional collaboration, and proactive regulatory strategies aimed at reinforcing societal values, safeguarding children’s mental and moral development, and ensuring that advertising content contributes constructively to the social fabric of the nation. This work contributes to the growing scholarship on media law, family law, and child protection in Nigeria.

Cloud computing has become key to modern digital infrastructure, yet traditional reactive auto-scaling systems struggle to balance performance requirements with cost efficiency. This study addresses the limitations of existing cloud resource management approaches by developing the Predictive and Cost-Optimized Auto-Scaling Framework (PCOAF), a conceptual model that integrates machine learning-based workload forecasting with multi- objective optimization. Through systematic application of Design Science Research Methodology, the research analyzed current auto-scaling systems, identified critical deficiencies including reactive latency, prediction inaccuracy, and cost inefficiency, and designed a three-layered architecture comprising monitoring, prediction and decision, and optimization and execution modules. The framework employs archetype-aware prediction to classify workloads into four behavioral patterns; SPIKE, PERIODIC, RAMP, and STATIONARY enabling tailored scaling strategies for each type. Theoretical validation demonstrates that PCOAF achieves 99.8% workload classification accuracy, reduces mean absolute percentage error to 15%, and projects cost reductions of 22% while decreasing service-level objective violations by 61.4% compared to baseline reactive systems. The study establishes PCOAF's feasibility across five design criteria: relevance, consistency, feasibility, scalability, and economic viability. By addressing identified gaps in both international research and Nigeria's emerging cloud ecosystem, this framework contributes a theoretically grounded and practically applicable solution for intelligent, cost-aware cloud resource management in resource-constrained environments.

Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract, a state frequently seen alongside inflammatory disorders of the upper airway (Mims, 2015). The 1995 GINA guidelines classified a patient's off-treatment asthma status (intermittent to severe persistent) to guide initial therapy. However, modern guidelines have abandoned this severity-based classification in favor of a focus on achieving and maintaining disease control. Current clinical practice defines asthma severity by the level of pharmacological treatment required to keep the disease controlled; in the most difficult cases, severity is determined by the condition's refractoriness to therapy(Song et al., 2019). Asthma is typically suspected based on a patient's recurring symptoms and their positive response to a bronchodilator medication, which helps relax the airway muscles(Sockrider and Fussner, 2020). For individuals over the age of five, the diagnosis is usually confirmed with a breathing test called spirometry (a type of pulmonary function test or PFT), which detects airway narrowing or obstruction. However, a normal spirometry result does not rule out asthma(Sockrider and Fussner, 2020). First-line asthma medications include the short-acting β2-adrenergic agonist salbutamol for rapid relief of bronchoconstriction, the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast for its anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects, and the corticosteroid prednisolone for potent anti-inflammatory action(Whirledge and Cidlowski, 2010), these drugs exert their effects through different mechanisms, including bronchodilation, anti inflammatory actions, and inhibition of leukotriene-mediated inflammation (Barnes, 2008). The induction of airway inflammation using Ovalbumin (OVA) in Sprague-Dawley rats serves as a widely recognized model for studying asthma (Kumar and Herbert, 2013). This model triggers a Th2-mediated inflammatory response, which subsequently elevates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress (Rahman andMacNee, 2000)

The rapid expansion of internet usage and digital commerce has significantly transformed business operations in Nigeria, creating new opportunities for economic growth and entrepreneurship. However, this increased reliance on digital technologies has also exposed online businesses to a wide range of cybersecurity threats, including phishing, malware, ransomware, and denial-of-service attacks. These threats pose serious risks to business continuity, financial stability, customer trust, and national economic development. This study investigates the impact of cybersecurity threats on online businesses in Nigeria, examining the nature, prevalence, and consequences of cyber-attacks on business operations. The study adopts a descriptive research approach and utilizes secondary data obtained from academic journals, industry reports, government publications, and cybersecurity studies. Findings reveal that cyber threats have become increasingly sophisticated, resulting in substantial financial losses, data breaches, reputational damage, and disruptions to online business activities. The study further identifies inadequate cybersecurity awareness, weak security infrastructure, and limited regulatory compliance as major factors contributing to the vulnerability of online businesses in Nigeria. The research concludes that effective cybersecurity strategies, including employee training, implementation of robust security frameworks, regular risk assessments, and stronger regulatory enforcement, are essential for mitigating cyber threats. The study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on cybersecurity in developing economies and provides practical recommendations for business owners, policymakers, and stakeholders seeking to enhance the security and resilience of Nigeria's digital business environment.