2024

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of blending ratios of Jatropha biodiesel with fossil diesel on compression ignition engines. The main goal is to compare the physical and chemical properties of Jatropha biodiesel and fossil diesel and evaluate engine performance,such as power output,torque,and fuel consumption,for different blend ratios and also examine the emissions characteristics (TVOC, CO, PM) that arise from various blend compositions. Physiochemical analysis confirms the suitability of esterified Jatropha oil for industrial applications. Engine performance tests reveal favourable metrics for biodiesel blends, with varying emissions characteristics across blends. Operational assessment indicates blenddependent differences in construction time, emissions, and particulate matter. Cost-benefit analysis shows economic feasibility and environmental benefits of Jatropha biodiesel. The optimal blending ratio considering performance, emissions, and economic factors suggested B30 and B40 blends for specialized applications and B10 for general use.

The broad objective of the study is to examine the migration of skilled workers to Europe and its impact on the socio economic development of Nigeria. The study was through structured interview in Benin City in Edo State.All of the respondents who were questioned stated that high unemployment, high crime rates, poverty, and insecurity are the main causes of migration to Europe. These are the main causes of the migration of people to Europe. People can migrate toEurope in search of a more secure life due to the country's pervasive insecurity. Insecurity is one of the social ills that puts human life in danger, instills fear in the world around it, and limits its freedom of movement. Feeling uncomfortable or uneasy, or experiencing a vulnerable and self- doubting mental state, are definitions of insecurity. Human resources are a vital and essential part of health systems, and they can have an impact on the quantity and caliber of healthcare services provided. Healthcare worker migration may have an effect on the countries of origin and destination. Respondents point out that for policymakers to maintain and advance development
in Nigeria, they require qualified workers. The increased recognition of the developmental effects of human migration and the need to incorporate migration into other sectoral policies has resulted in an increasing demand for new types of evidence. Anything can trigger it, such as traumatic experiences, abusive circumstances, early life events, and personal phobias.People
from Nigeria move to Europe in search of better medical care. Therefore, the study recommends that Nigeria government should improve the health sector and the condition of service so that health workers will not migrate to Europe. The study also recommends that the government of Nigeria should improve on the security so that citizen of Nigeria will not migrate to Europe.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is the most common musculoskeletal (MSK) ailment inthegeneral population. Weightlifting is a popular activity that puts so much strain on the body'smuscles and predisposes athletes to LBP. The lower back is the most often damaged bodypart inweightlifting and weightlifting is the one that increases the risk of LBP in all sports. Thereisadearth of knowledge regarding the association between LBP and weightlifting among universitystudents. Aim: The study aims to investigate the prevalence of low back pain and determine it's potential risk factors among weightlifting and non-weightlifting undergraduate students of the Universityof Benin. Methods: A total of 104 students comprising of 52 weightlifters and 52 non-weightlifters wereselected across the university with the use of snowball and convenience sampling. Anadaptedversion of the Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire was used to obtain information onsocio-demographic data, weight-lifting characteristics and occurrence of LBP. Descriptive statisticssuch as percentage and inferential statistics such as Chi-square were used to summarise thedata. Alpha level was 0.05. Results: Weightlifters (WLFs) have a higher lifetime prevalence of LBP 82.69(%) comparedtonon-weightlifters (NWLFs) 71.15(%). The difference in between lifetime and 7 days prevalenceamong both weightlifters and non-weightlifters was statistically significant (p=0.000). Frequency of weightlifting was significantly associated with LBP (p= 0.019). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of low back pain among weightlifting andnon-weightlifting undergraduate students in University of Benin. Significant association were foundbetween frequency of weightlifting with the occurrence of LBP. Keywords: Low back pain, weightlifters , non-weightlifters, prevalence

This project investigates the ethical implications of surrogacy by applying Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative. Surrogacy involves a woman carrying and giving birth to a child on behalf of another person or couple. The ethical debate surrounding surrogacy centers on issues such as reproductive autonomy, exploitation, and commodification of women's bodies. Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy, particularly the categorical imperative, provides a framework for assessing the ethics of surrogacy. The categorical imperative states that moral actions should be guided by rational principles that can be universally
applied without contradiction. It emphasizes treating individuals with dignity and respecting their autonomy. This project examines how the categorical imperative can be used to evaluate surrogacy. It explores whether surrogacy aligns with Kant's moral framework or if it presents conflicts. The analysis considers factors such as the intentions and treatment of surrogate mothers, the potential commodification of the child, and the long-term consequences for all parties involved. By applying Kant's categorical imperative to surrogacy, this project contributes to the ongoing discussion on the ethical aspects of surrogacy. The findings will provide insights into the compatibility of surrogacy with Kantian ethics and offer a broader understanding of the ethical considerations surrounding reproductive technologies and the human experience of procreation

In African traditional thought, human destiny is one of the intriguing and difficult areas of discourse in contemporary African philosophy. Any discussion on the subject has to deal either in part or in general with the Supreme Being, ancestors, the nature of our “being” in the primordial existence, our existence on earth, our successes and failures, freewill and determinism and moral responsibility. Destiny or fate (both used interchangeably) is a phenomenon that cut across almost all religious tradition and philosophy. The concept of destiny is commonly used to refer to a fixed order of things established by Divine decree, which no one, however Pius or powerful, could alter Hence, when St Thomas Aquinas disclosed that everything, however insignificant, must have a purpose, an idea derived from Aristotle, he was in effort raising the status of fate to a level of philosophical inquiry. The types of determinism include biological, psychological, religious, climate, cultural, economic, and geographic determinism.

This study examines the role of history education in nation-building, focusing on public secondary schools in Egor local government of Edo state. Four research questions were posed to explore the influence of history education on national identity formation, political attitudes, civic engagement, and the challenges encountered in teaching history. A sample of 120 history/social studies students from four public senior secondary schools was surveyed using the "Role of History Education in Nation Building Questionnaire (RHENBQ)." The findings indicate that history education constructs narratives that shape collective memory and critical thinking, while also influencing political attitudes and democratic values by fostering empathy and enhancing critical thinking skills. Moreover, teaching history in schools contributes to nation-building efforts by promoting national identity, empathy, civic values, and critical reflection on the past. However, challenges such as limited curriculum, insufficient teaching manpower, and political interference hinder effective history instruction in schools. Recommendations include exploring innovative pedagogical approaches, leveraging digital technologies, and addressing curriculum gaps to enhance history education and its role in nation-building. Additionally, future research should delve into specific pedagogical strategies, the impact of digital
tools, and ways to mitigate challenges in teaching history effectively.

This study was conducted to investigate the reservoir quality of outcropping sediments in the Lokoja Basange Formation, which is located in the Anambra Basin and specifically determine sieve analysis and characterize the reservoir qualities of the sediments by inferring the porosity of the Lokoja Basange Formation. A total of fourteen (10) samples were collected and analyzed for the study. Freshly obtained samples for sieve analysis were systematically retrieved from different layers on each outcrop in the study area. The reservoir porosity and permeability of the sandstone units of the Lokoja Formations were estimated from sieve analysis. The predictive tools for the determination of reservoir quality of the outcropping sediments in Lokoja Basange which are porosity and textural characteristics and textural parameters of the sediments. The result showed that the mean size of sediments in all ten locations from the area of study ranges from 2.94 - 4.03mm. The highest mean was observed at L9, while the lowest mean was observed in L14. The results from Table 4.11 also showed that at locations L9, L10, L11, L12, and L13, the sediments exhibit coarse characteristics, as indicated by their relatively higher grain sizes, which exceed 2mm. The result showed that the porosity values across all locations are consistent (0.255), indicating that regardless of the variations in grain size distribution, the overall volume of void space within the sediment remains the same. It is recommended that further studies be carried out on this basin so as to determine the provenance of the sediments.

The study was carried out to determine “influence of using online materials in teaching. Christian religious studies: a case study of the University of Benin. The population of the study consists of one hundred and twenty (120) 400 level religious studies students in faculty education, university of Benin, Edo state. The sampling technique used for this study is simple random sampling technique one hundred (100) 400 level religious studies students in faculty of Education, University of Benin, Edo state respondents were chosen to represent the students’ population. Four research questions were made; What types of
online materials are currently being used in the teaching of Christian religious studies at the University of Benin? How do educators perceive the effectiveness of online materials in enhancing student learning experiences in Christian religious studies? What are the challenges associated with integrating online materials into the teaching of Christian religious studies at the University of Benin? What strategies can be implemented to maximize the benefits and address the limitations of using online materials in religious studies education? The findings of the study revealed that; The use of online materials has also been found to improve student retention and recall of CRS concepts. Based on the findings the following recommendations were made; There should be a diverse range of online resources, the University of Benin should provide a diverse range of online resources that cater to different learning styles and needs

The study investigated the role of school library in enhancing the academic achievement among students in public senior secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. To achieve the purpose of the study, four research questions were raised and examined. The sample size for the study was made up of 100 students which were randomly selected from the 20 schools in the local government. The questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. An analysis of data was done using frequency count and percentages. The findings from the study include that there is high level of library patronage among students in public senior secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. It was concluded that school library plays a significant role in enhancing the academic achievement among students in public senior secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. The study recommended among others that the government should ensure adequate funding for school libraries to acquire relevant books, digital resources, and educational materials that align with the curriculum and cater to diverse learning needs among students.

This research delves into the elements that lead to the creation of gullies, with a particular emphasis on the soil attributes at the gully location of the University of Benin. Soil samples were extracted from three distinct points at the site. A series of examinations were performed on these samples to ascertain their soil properties, encompassing sieve analysis, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, compaction, and triaxial tests. The results of the various tests reveals that soil samples had a medium liquid limit and relatively low plasticity for the Atterberg limits. There is a specific gravity range of 2.61 to 2.64 for the soil samples classifying them as organic soils according to classification system proposed by Bowles (2012). The compaction test revealed that soil retains a significant amount of moisture even when compacted to its densest state. The triaxial test revealed that the soil exhibits a relatively low friction angle coupled with substantial cohesion. And finally the sieve analysis shed light on the particle size distribution in the soil samples, which exhibit a reddish-brown coloration and are located below the A-line on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) chart, classifying them as silts. Known for their moderate infiltration rates, these silts contribute to increased surface runoff, which is a key factor in gully development.