2021

Warri and its environs have been recently challenged with incidences/imminence of building collapse with frequency of four incidences in the past four (4) years. Hence, geophysical, geotechnical and mineralogical investigations were conducted in an area of failed building and other areas in Warri with a view to comparatively analyse the geotechnical and mineralogical properties of subsurface soils for future building and road developments in Warri. This involved the drilling of ten (10) boreholes in the failed area and fifteen (15) holes in other areas which were all complimented with twenty five (25) Cone Penetration Tests. Samples from boreholes were subjected to geotechnical index/foundation analyses and X-ray Diffraction analyses (XRD). Geophysical and geotechnical investigations showed that the failed area had a laterally heterogeneous two-three layer soil profile which from top to bottom consisted of sandy silt/silty sand (3m thick), clayey silt (15-17m thick) and fine-medium grained sands (2m thick). This was at variance with the other areas which had a relatively homogeneous three layer soil profile which from top to bottom consisted of loose sandy humus top soil (0.25m thick), reddish brown silty sand and fine to medium grained sands (3-8m thick). Classification characteristics using the American Association of State and Highway Transport Officials (AASHTO) showed that the superficial soils in the failed area were mainly of A-7, A-6 and A-4 characteristics with California Bearing Ratio (CBR of 3-20.5%, average: 6.25%) indicating they are competent subgrade materials but incompetent sub-base and base course materials for road construction. Similar characterization in other areas reflected soils of A-2, A-6 and A-3 characteristics with CBR (10-17.9%, average: 15.02%) indicating similar competence and deficiency to that of the failed area. Sand stabilization increased the subgrade quality of the superficial soils in both areas. Cement and composite stabilization improved all soils to sub-base and base quality materials respectively. Foundation studies showed that superficial soils in the failed area are of lower foundation quality (bearing capacity of 184-229kpa, compression indices; 0.12-0.62) than the other areas (bearing capacity of 185-575kpa, compressibility indices; 0.31-0.34). Superficial soil mineralogy showed that the failed area consisted of quartz (75.33-94.20%), kaolinite (5.79- 11.99%), smectite, muscovite and microcline which is consistent with the other areas except for the absence smectite. This showed that structural failure in the challenged area was due to soil lateral variation and poor foundation quality.

The aims of this project is to explicitly narrate the nature of the death in the society, and its implications, the major causes of deaths in the world. In explaining this topic, several issues stead to be accounted for which are as follows: The discovery of death in the worlds, the emergence of burial institution in international relation. The nature of religion, culture, social, political and economic even environmental impacts around the globe today. The discrimination between the rich and poor in each culture and society and communities. The revolution of burial rites and rituals in the world and most importantly, the belief of the communities on their ancestors and the acceptance of their ancestors by the proper burial of the deceased to be accepted and the opening of their ancestral homes to be opened to the deceased as a come back into the ancestral fold, that they still existed in the communities providing safety and security, protection and guidance and instruction of impeding calamity or future events either through dreams and vision. The ancestors lives continuously in our hears the living. Therefore food sacrifices are made to/for them spiritually all over the world but the methods varies. Sins bring sicknesses and diseases which brings slavery to demons and shame, disgrace, poverty, dishonor and death. Satan’s counsels to Eve and eve’s persuasion of Adam and the eating of the forbidden fruits lures mankind from god to Satan; but repentance with a remorseful and a contrite heart returns one back to God. Furthermore, there is the inevitable and inestimable gifts of the “electricity” and (ICT) information and communication technology. To enable the industrial revolution which brings about the activities of events planners, diplomacy, negotiation between heads of states with speed by the use of the telephone internet with al it gadgets and applications, to connects states, communities, families, NGOs, states and non-state-actors in international relations (systems). Moreso, there is the Jews, the Hindu, the Christian, the skih, the Muslim and the Humanists and he Africa in burials and rites. The activities of the gravedigger(s) and the parson, and the
undertaker(s) role all add up to make the whole process spiritual different questions have been asked and are still been ask, where is heaven, is it up above in space? Or down below in the seas that separates the earth from the underground ocean? Then if one is to die how do you want to be buried? The issue of cremation and grave burial then arises. The economic impacts of burial rites are now very competitive, all over the world but especially in Africa where the bereaves now go to borrow or apply for loans from individual money lenders and LAPO, Banks, to finance the burial ceremony of their dead parents. This brings about under development and illiteracy in the family and communities. Proliferations of graves in the homes now in yoke in Africa due to the neglect and unattends nature of the cemeteries, graveyards, burial ground and family vaults in the world the parks and Greenland. The way forward for the government handling of burials and graves and cremation so that epidemic diseases will not erupt in the world and Africa especially. The statistical records of births and death, and longevity’s roles in the world.

Burial rites and rituals is one of the major religious rites in Benin, Nigeria and the world. It is said to have been practiced in Benin City in three phases. It appeared since the historical occupation of Iduland, during the eras of the Edionwere, Etẹbitẹ and Etẹghori and has continue all through the reigns of the Ogisos' – Igodo in Igodomigodo land from 40BC 16AD to Ogisi Owodo 1059 -1100AD. Title count thirty-one (31) Ogisos and Irebor Ogiemen. There have been thirty-six independent Obas and four dependent Obas inclusive of the reigning Oba Ewuare N'Ogidigan II as recorded by Obazenu.1 The Benin people are occupying the coastal region of the South-West. The obaship period begin with Oranmiyan 1170AD to his Royal Majesty, Oba Eware N’ Ogidigan II Omo N’Oba N’Edo Uku Akpọlọkpọlọ present reigning Oba. There have been different rites and rituals, traditional ceremonies and rituals and customs in Benin since the ancient settlement and civilization. The Binis have had, and still have and maintains the same process of first and final burial rites, and the method of inheritances early enough, there have been the designated burial place called in Benin Iteh and Ikpẹkpẹ. For burial for Edions and those Edionwere are buried at home or compound. The Binis remain strongly attached to their indigenous religions and traditional rites and practices.

he phase independence of the judiciary is not a strange concept to any student or concerned citizen of any country including Nigeria. The concept of independence of the judiciary has long been introduced as an important ingredient to uphold the rule of law in any country. The independence of the judiciary in Nigeria is enshrined in Section 17 of Chapter 2 of The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 which states that “the independence, impartiality and integrity of courts of law and easy accessibility thereto shall be secured and maintained”. Unfortunately, this chapter of the constitution is not justiciable, meaning that none of the objectives and principles set out in the chapter can be enforced. Thus, the instrument creating the Nigerian judiciary does not clearly provide for the enforcement of its independence. This is one of the reasons many often wonder if the judiciary is and can be independent. This paper seeks to answer the question, is the Nigerian judiciary independent? How free is the Nigerian judiciary from interference? In answering these questions, it is important to first understand the meaning of the words independence and judiciary, what constitutes an independent judiciary? This will include an illumination into the development and structure of the Nigerian Judiciary, the development of independence in the Nigerian judiciary since independence under the different constitutions and the military dispensation. The challenges to an independent judiciary in Nigeria will be discussed along with a brief comparison with other nations, in particular the United Kingdom from which most of our laws emanate.

Domestic violence is a predominant issue in today’s society and laws are known to be enforced to sanction its perpetrators such as the Criminal Code, the VAPPA 2015, etc. However the effectiveness of these laws are being questioned in even today’s society as domestic violence is seen as “family issue” that is supposed to be settled within the family and not an external body or law. Thus the essence of this work is to evaluate the extant laws concerning domestic violence in Nigeria and see if these extant laws regarding it have been to ameliorate the unpleasant trend not because the laws are inadequate per se but that the
enforcement is weak. Domestic violence has a lot of issues and is to be tackled adequately, it is also known as Intimate Partner Violence/abuse, spousal abuse and family violence. Although there has not been any National Legislation on domestic violence in Nigeria sadly, however there are laws which punish these various offences ranging from rape, battery, molestation, etc. Similarly there has been laws passed as a result of agitation by individuals which tackles domestic violence directly which include; VAPPA (2015), some states have state-level domestic violence legislations, similarly even in abide to effectively enforce these laws and to respond positively to the claim by the public that the police “characteristically exhibit bias and discriminatory attitudes in their treatment of female victims of violence” which is “informed by cultural beliefs and notions which devalue and subjugate women and often blame the victim, the police is said to see domestic violence as family issue and victims are often told to settle the problem themselves or involve other family member. However some provisions of these laws encourage subtle chastisement like Section 55 of the Penal Code and thus call for the repeal of such provisions. The essence of this work, is to tackle the nonchalance and negligence by the body who are expected to enforce these plethora of laws put in place to deter domestic violence has increased the rate of spousal killing, recently it is of commonplace where husband kill wife and wife kill husband, this is
as a result of neglecting domestic violence which eventually results to death of either of the spouse. Hence the aim of this work is to evaluate the existing and extant laws concerning domestic violence in Nigeria and see if these extant laws have been to ameliorate the unpleasant trend not because the laws are inadequate per se but that the enforcement is weak, also to criticize laws that encourage domestic violence in any form and to call for its repeal an instance is section 55 of the penal code and finally would offer recommendations that will assist to build up and facilitate the effective enforcement of laws against domestic violence

Maize (Zea mays) is a cereal crop which is an important raw material in human diet. It is an annual grass in the family Poaceae and is a staple food crop grown all over the world. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify fungi from maize and its products (pap). A total of 6 samples from six vendors were cultured for total heterotrophic fungi counts on different potato dextrose agar (PDA). The total fungi count of maize and pap samples ranged from 0.4 × 10 6 – 1.4 × 10 6 cfu/g and 1.40 ×10 2 - 2.00 ×10 6 cfu/g respectively. A total of 37 fungal isolates were identified. The morphological, cultural and biological characteristics of fungi isolates revealed the following fungi species; Penicillium oxalium, Penicillium italicum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor mucedo, Penicillium oxalium, Cladiosporium sp., Saccharomyces spp., Mucor sp., Clavispora spp., Cryptomonas spp. and Saccharomycodes, Galcatomyces. The results of fungi diversity in different samples revealed that samples A (21.6 %), C (24.3 %) as the most contaminated isolates, while sample D (10.8) and F (10.8) was the least contaminated. This study revealed the common fungi flora of maize and pap samples sold in local markets in Benin City. This study revealed the common fungi flora, their distribution in maize and pap and some possibly fungi contaminants which may not be directly associated with maize and pap. The distribution of fungi species in maize and pap samples may be dependent upon environmental conditions at the time of harvest, processing and the difference between the storage structures. It is therefore recommended that further studies be undertaken to understand the role of each fungi general isolated in this study and their source of contamination

In this paper, a wireless power transmission (WPT) using resonant magnetic coupling for mobile phone charger is presented. Solar energy was used as the energy source to address the scarcity of non-renewable energy sources and tackles the constraints of wired charging technology such as lack of universal electrical standard, untidiness and inconvenience of wires and wires' wear and tear. The system includes PV panels and battery, oscillator, transmitting coil and receiving coil and rectifier. Proteus 8.1 was used to simulate before implementing in the hardware. The resonant magnetic coupling resonated at 800 kHz ± 10 kHz. The maximum distance to charge a mobile phone was 4 cm at 3.7 V. All the objectives are achieved within the limited time frame. The significance of the project can help to eradicate the use of wires and the need of power plugs. The
future research includes the study of efficiency, coil design, system with multiple loads.

Background: human beings engage in a number of activities such as extractions and mining, manufacturing, transportation, agricultural cultivation (e.g., bush burning), food and mineral processing, as well as other anthropogenic activities that exert significant impact on the environment. The adversative consequence of environmental emission on human habitation, food production, human migration and human health is significantly felt through the decline in average life span of humans. Objective and methodology: This study evaluated the effects of environmental emissions on life expectancy with particular emphasis on Nigeria. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and bounds testing approach was utilized in analyzing the data to be employed in this study. In addition, the study employed annual data set for a period of fifty (50) years spanning 1970 to 2019. Similarly, data on Carbon (iv) dioxide emissions in Nigeria (million tonnes), Methane emissions (million tonnes) in Nigeria and Nitrous Oxide emissions (million tonnes) in Nigeria were derived from the Global Carbon Project (2020), while data on per capita income was obtained from World Development Indicators of the World Bank (2020). Similarly, data on Life expectancy at birth (years)
was sourced from the United Nations World Population Prospects (2019). Results: The coefficient of Carbon (iv) dioxide emissions was negative in the short run estimated results. However, it was positive in the long run. similarly, Carbon (iv) dioxide emissions was statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run and short run estimation results respectively. Similarly, the coefficient of Methane emissions was negative and statistically significant at 1% critical level in the short run estimation results. Also, the result indicated that Methane emissions was negative and statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run estimation results. Furthermore, the coefficient of Nitrous Oxide emissions was positive both in the short run and long run estimation results. The result further established that while the coefficient of Nitrous Oxide emissions was statistically significant at 10% critical level in the short run, it became statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run. Similarly, the coefficient of real GDP per capita was positive both in the short run and long run estimation results in the period of assessment. The result further established that while the coefficient of real GDP per capita was statistically insignificant in the short run, it was found to be statistically significant at 1% critical level in the long run estimation results. Recommendations: It was recommended that the Nigeria should adopt a stringent environmental control measures that will help reposition the country’s environment through enhanced carbon control policy. Specifically, it is recommended that Carbon Taxes should be introduced to help reduce the unwarranted industrial processes contributing a large volume of the total greenhouse gas emissions increase in the country. To mitigate the negative effects of Methane emission gases, there is an urgent need to draft relevant policies to regulate all human activities that trigger the release of methane gases into the ecosystem especially in the area of production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil, livestock and other agricultural practices, land use and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills. The moribund environmental regulations should be reactivated to ensure the reduction of Methane emissions across the 774 local government areas in Nigeria. it was also recommended that the government and all relevant stakeholders in the agricultural and industrial sectors to work collaboratively in ensuring that policy effort are implemented to limit the frequent release of Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission in the course of agricultural, land use, industrial activities, combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste, as well as during treatment of wastewater.

This research examined revenue allocation and political stability in Nigeria. The research seeks to examine the impact and challenges of allocation on different tiers of government in Nigeria, to investigate how revenue allocation has defined political stability in Nigeria and to examine the extent to which the statutory allocation formula adopted in the past has affected the path of economic growth and development in Nigeria. The research adopted the human capital theory as theoretical framework. The study largely adopted the library research method as secondary data were utilized and content analyzed. The study concludes that revenue allocation in Nigeria both in the pre-independence era and the post-independence era has been fraught with cotroversies. It was revealed that all the revenue allocation formulae have been geared towards the favor of the federal government, given that they have the highest share of the federation account. The study therefore recommends that that the state and local government be given a higher share of the revenue, given that they are seen to be closer to the citizens. It was also recommended that transparency, accountability, and efficiency on the part of all the levels of government should be enshrined to ensure that revenue allocated to specific projects are utilized appropriately, that way preventing the abandonment of projects when a new government emerges

The issues surrounding the power of the Nigeria Police Force to prosecute offenders alleged to have committed crimes has been greeted with a lot of heated contestations. Basically, under the repealed Police Act 2004, a police officer (whether being a lawyer or not) was empowered to prosecute an offender in any court in Nigeria whether the complaint was laid in his name or not. This position had also been judicially affirmed in the case of Federal Republic of Nigeria v. Osahon where the Supreme Court held inter alia that a police officer (irrespective of being a lawyer) can prosecute criminal cases in all Nigerian courts. Despite clear statutory provisions and detailed judicial decisions on the police power of prosecution, controversy still existed about the nature and extent of that power. The controversy as to whether police officers who were not qualified lawyers should be allowed to prosecute criminal cases. It was however settled that the police officers who are qualified lawyers are qualified to prosecute criminal cases, subject only to the powers of the Attorney General. The enactment of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015 intensified this controversy with its provision that appeared to exclude police officers. Also, under the extant police Act 2020, the position taken by the legislature on the repealed Police Act 2004 and the case of Federal Republic of Nigeria v. Osahon has been altered. S.66(1) provided that before a police officer can competently prosecute he/she must be a lawyer. However, in subsection 2, the law also permitted police officers who are not lawyers to also prosecute offences which non-lawyers can prosecute. This invariably contradicts the position of the former paragraph. The Administration of Criminal Justice Act and the Police Act also seem to be conflicting on their respective provisions for the police power of prosecution. This research work aims to examine the prosecutorial power of the police using the case of Federal Republic of Nigeria v. Osahon as a standpoint. It also takes into account the relevant provisions of Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015 and the recently enacted Police Act 2020 looking at the implications and effectiveness of these laws. This would be done by utilizing the doctrinal and analytical methods. In conclusion, this research work looks at the seemingly controversy prosecutorial power of the police from history down to recent times accentuating the differences. It submitted that the position in Osahon’s case is no longer good law and can be validly challenged on the strength of the newly enacted Police Act, 2020. It further identifies the problems in police prosecutorial powers and offers recommendations towards ensuring that the power is exercised efficiently and effectively in the overall interest of administration of criminal justice in Nigeria.