NIN

This study examines the enduring impact of colonialism on Nigerian identity, with particular attention to its influence on education, language, and culture. Using postcolonial theory, it critically analyzes Chinua Achebe’s No Longer at Ease and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah, comparing how the protagonists’ experiences reflect broader struggles within
postcolonial society. The research reveals that both characters, in their pursuit of education and opportunities abroad, encounter alienation, cultural dislocation, and identity conflict. Their experiences highlight how colonial legacies continue to shape self-perception and belonging. The study highlights the enduring nature of identity conflicts shaped by colonial history and shows how literature reflects these ongoing struggles in Nigerian society.

This study examines the enduring impact of colonialism on Nigerian identity, with particular attention to its influence on education, language, and culture. Using postcolonial theory, it critically analyzes Chinua Achebe’s No Longer at Ease and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah, comparing how the protagonists’ experiences reflect broader struggles within
postcolonial society. The research reveals that both characters, in their pursuit of education and opportunities abroad, encounter alienation, cultural dislocation, and identity conflict. Their experiences highlight how colonial legacies continue to shape self-perception and belonging. The study highlights the enduring nature of identity conflicts shaped by colonial history and shows how literature reflects these ongoing struggles in Nigerian society.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a procedure that has no specific origin, one fact that can be agreed upon however is that there are no health benefits for the procedure. The research methodology employed in this study is the doctrinal method, which involves an in- depth examination of primary and secondary sources of information. FGM is any procedure that involves the cutting, removal, or scarification of the external female genitalia for non- medical reasons. It has been classified into four types; Type I (Clitoridectomy), Type II (Excision), Type III (Infibulation), Type IV (Unclassified). It is a procedure which has
numerous side effects on the victim like bleeding, infections, septicaemia, dysmenorrhea, vaginal infections, genital scarring, death, amongst others, there have been various efforts taken to curb the menace, there have been local, regional or international legislation. Like the provisions of the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, the Violence Against
Persons (Prohibition) Law of Edo State, the Childs Rights Act, the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, the Maputo Protocol, the United Nations Convention on The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, etc. Some policies that have been implemented in Nigeria also for The Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation, and the work of various civil societies. It if found that while considerable progress has been made, there is more to do if FGM is to be eradicated by 2030. It is found that the most effective method of eradicating FGM is by
sensitisation programmes where the general public is made aware of the physical and legal dangers of the procedure and these efforts need to be supported with corresponding funding in order to be able to sustain the progress that has already been achieved

The study employs yearly data from 1980 to 2021 to analyze the Balance of Payments in Nigeria. Its primary objective is to explore the long-term determinants of Nigeria's Balance of Payments. The investigation employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). The long-run ARDL regression findings indicate a negative exchange rate effect, while the short-run results show a positive value. Furthermore, the coefficients for FDI, GDP growth, interest rates, and crude oil prices are all positive and statistically significant. The research suggests a compelling case for government intervention to stimulate economic productivity. To foster economic growth, capital investment and expenditure are crucial. The government should entice foreign investment by providing incentives to potential foreign investors. Additionally, the government should enhance security and establish a sense of belonging in the Niger Delta to promote peace and ease of operations in the oil industry

The presence of evil in a world said to be created by a "Being" who is not only omnipotent, omniscience and perfectly good is problematic. It is a problem that has perturbed man for ages and coupled with various natural disasters still makes the concept a problematic one. How can there be a loving God, an all powerful and all-knowing God and still face the problem of evil, if really, he is perfectly good and created everything then where does evil originate from? Atheist or agnostics base their case on the lack of evidence for God's existence, however atheist have at least one very powerful positive argument for their position that there cannot be a living, all-loving, all-powerful God because there is so much evil and suffering in the world. Atheist raise questions like this: If you were a parent, wouldn't you do everything in your power to prevent your children from needless suffering? Many innocent children suffer from painful diseases, with this kind of problem how can we affirm for a loving and all
powerful God in the world.

Caffeine is a stimulant, which means it increases activity in the brain and nervous system. It also increases the circulation of chemicals such as cortisol and adrenaline in the body. Caffeine is naturally found in the leaves and fruits of some plants. It is in coffee, black and green tea, cocoa, cola soft drinks and energy drinks. Blinking has been described to occur voluntarily, reflexively or spontaneously. Caffeine is a known stimulant that affects nervous system and probably the most widely consumed psychoactive substance is claimed to have conflicting effects on blink rate and blinking plays a critical role in the health of the eye. This research has assess the influence of caffeinated coffee consumption with blink rate. The purpose of this study was to
determine the effect of caffeine intake(coffee) on blink rate. The blink rate was measured on a sample of 85 participants in the university of Benin Optometry teaching clinic. The measurements for the test per participants were obtained and afterwards the means were applied in analysis of the result. Mean baseline was 17.38 and the mean blink rates after caffeine consumption was 15.04, 13.91, 12.42, and 16.69 for 15, 30, 45 and 65 minutes respectively. There was a statistically significant reduction in the blink rate of participants after the consumption of caffeine (p < 0.05). It was concluded that caffeine reduces blink rate in adults
and excessive intake of caffeine should be avoided since caffeine intake could cause improper functioning of the eye.

This study investigates Industrial conflicts and employees productivity, three research questions and objectives of the study were raised to examine the causes of industrial conflicts in Nigeria, examine the relationship between workers productivity and industrial conflicts and analyze the possible solutions to industrial conflicts in Nigeria . Relevant Literature from different author were reviewed and the study evaluates that the sample required for the study was based on the population of the study which was the staff of the University of Benin, the sample size is set at 300. The instrument was validated by the research supervisor. The findings of the study shows that there is a significant relationship between industrial conflicts and employees productivity as most reponses were alike, and that the solutions proffered for industrial conflicts are feasible. The study recommends that Industrial conflicts is unavoidable but proper management can aid it to be beneficial to the organization, while mismanagement can have negative effect on the productivity of employees. The researchers suggest that proper steps are to be put in place to ensure that conflicts are properly managed and solved through negotiation, meditation, conciliation, arbitration litigations etc. The study critically shows how every industrial conflict can affect the organization in either way negatively or positively depending on how the organization chooses to manage it. It leverages on the strength and weakness of the organization in managing and resolving conflicts.

This study examined the economic burden of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and the payment coping mechanisms of patients receiving care at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, targeting sickle cell patients who attended the outpatient clinic and wards of UBTH. A sample size of 100 respondents was selected using simple random sampling from an estimated population of 118 patients. Data were collected using a structured, pretested questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, direct and indirect medical costs, socioeconomic cost distribution, and payment coping strategies. Validity of the instrument was ensured through expert review, and reliability was established via a test-retest method yielding a reliability coefficient of 0.85. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, means, and standard deviation were used to analyze the data. Direct costs were calculated using the bottom-up approach, while indirect costs were assessed through the human capital approach. Inferential analysis was done using ANOVA and Chi-square tests to determine significant associations, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Ethical approval was obtained, and patient confidentiality and voluntary participation were assured. The findings highlight the substantial economic burden SCD imposes on patients and the diverse strategies employed to cope with payment demands, providing a basis for policy recommendations aimed at improving access to care and financial protection for individuals living with SCD.

Fuzzy inference systems (FIS) are particularly suited for aggregating multiple data to feed multi-variables decision support systems. Moreover, wine quality is a complex concept that refers to the simultaneous achievement of optimal levels in many parameters, thus single wine attributes spatial data are not adequate to define wine suitability for a specific end use. The aim of this study was to design and implement a fuzzy inference system on wine quality prediction using physiochemical parameters from wine dataset. The proposed system adopted the conventional fuzzy inference system which consists of four major components which are: knowledge acquisition, knowledge base, fuzzy inference engine and a user interface. The dataset is fuzzified into variables that were used to develop rule for the classification of wine quality. The fuzzy inference system followed three transformation stages; fuzzification, rule based and defuzzification processes. The model was implemented using C#, programming language and MYSQL as the relational data base management. The model was developed on window Microsoft system

This study investigated the influence of mental toughness as correlates of athletic performance among student athletes in the University of Benin, Benin City. The study adopted a correlation research design. Four research questions were raised and four
hypotheses were formulated. The population for this study consisted 243 student-athletes currently enrolled at the University of Benin. The sample size of this study is 121 student athletes. The multiple sampling procedure was used to select student athletes. The research instrument for the study was a structured questionnaire made up of two sections, section A and section B. To establish the validity of the instrument, it underwent a rigorous review process by experts in the field of sports psychology in the department of human kinetics and sports science of the University of Benin . Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was used with multiple regression analysis to analyze the hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of this research revealed that athletes with higher mental toughness tend to better than others with lower mental toughness. Concentration was also found to improve sports performance among student athletes of the University of Benin. Athletes who are self confident in
their skills and abilities tend to perform better than others who do not posses self confidence. Mental toughness was also found to increase sports performance irrespective of gender. In conclusion, this research has provided valuable insights into the relationship between mental toughness and athletic performance among student athletes of the University of Benin. The
results support the idea that enhancing mental toughness can lead to improved sports viii performance. Concentration and self- confidence were also found to be critical factors in the performance of student athletes. The research design, which employed a correlation approach, allowed for the examination of these relationships. Recommendations were made for coaches, athletes, and sports authorities that mental toughness training should be incorporated into the regular training programme of student athletes. These programs can help athletes develop the mental skills required to enhance their performance. Concentration and Self-Confidence Workshops should be provided to athletes with opportunities to attend workshops and psychology sessions focusing on concentration and self-confidence. These sessions can assist in strengthening these crucial aspects of mental toughness. Future research can explore additional psychological factors and their impact on athletic performance. Such as motivation, resilience and emotional control, investigating the effectiveness of various mental toughness training methods would also be beneficial.