WISTAR ALBINO RATS

The study investigated the immunomodulatory effect of a biherbal formulation consisting of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Ocimum gratissimum in Wistar albino rats. The plants were collected, air-dried, powdered, and extracted with methanol. Twenty-five healthy rats were divided into five groups: control, two extract-treated groups (50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg), a positive control (Vitamin C 50 mg/kg), and a negative control (Cyclophosphamide 30 mg/kg). Treatments were administered orally for seven days prior to immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Immunomodulatory activity was assessed using delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), hemagglutination antibody titer, total and differential leukocyte counts, CD4 T-cell count, and organ weight indices. Results showed that the biherbal formulation significantly (p < 0.05) increased body weight, thymus and spleen indices, total white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils compared to the control. Serum protein, hemoglobin, and albumin
globulin ratio were also elevated, while Cyclophosphamide markedly reduced these parameters. The extract enhanced CD4⁺ T-cell and B-cell populations, indicating stimulation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. Additionally, the formulation reduced paw edema in DTH assay, demonstrating anti-inflammatory potential. The methanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Ocimum gratissimum possesses potent immunomodulatory properties, acting as both an immunostimulant and an anti-inflammatory agent. These findings provide scientific evidence supporting its traditional use and suggest that the formulation may serve as a natural, affordable alternative for immune enhancement and regulation

Shigella flexneri, a leading cause of bacillary dysentery, induces severe gastrointestinal inflammation, disrupting gut homeostasis. This study evaluates the potential of Lactobacillus
casei as probiotics to enhance immune responses in Wistar albino rats against Shigella flexneri infection. Forty healthy Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control, challenged (Shigella flexneri-infected), Probiotic (Lactobacillus casei-treated), Prophylactic (pre-treated with Lactobacillus casei before infection), and Antibiotic (ciprofloxacin-treated). Stool samples were collected from rats prior to induction with shigella flexneri and Lactobacillus casei, after induction with Shigella flexneri, and antibiotic treatment. Approximately 1g of stool was homogenized in 9 mL of sterile PBS using a vortex mixer to ensure thorough dispersion. A tenfold serial dilution was performed by transferring 1 mL of the stool homogenate into 9 mL of sterile PBS, creating dilutions from 10' to 10-6. From the 1 dilution, 0.1 mL was plated onto Nutrient agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24hrs

Traditional medicine plays a crucial role in global healthcare, particularly in developing countries where plant-based remedies remain widely used. However, scientific validation of their safety and efficacy is necessary. This study examines the effects of a plant extract on liver and renal function in Wistar rats, focusing on its potential physiological impacts. Despite its traditional use, limited scientific data exist regarding its influence on hepatic and renal biomarkers.
This study investigates the impact of the extract on liver and kidney function in Wistar albino rats. A total of 40 rats were divided into control and experimental groups, with the test groups (B–E) receiving increasing doses of the extract, while Group A served as the control. The
experiment monitored changes in body weight and evaluated liver function markers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin levels. Additionally, renal function was assessed through creatinine, urea, and electrolyte levels. The study aimed to determine the extract’s potential hepatotoxic or nephroprotective effects.
The findings of this study provide critical insights into the physiological effects of the plant extract, revealing its implications for liver and kidney health. The results contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the pharmacological properties of medicinal plants and their potential integration into modern therapeutic applications.

A wide array of ethno-medicinal values has been attributed to the different parts of Annona muricata, and indigenous communities in Africa and South America extensively use this plant to augment conventional drugs. Acute and subchronic toxicity studies were carried out on the stem bark extract of Annona muricata Linn. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of A. muricata on hematological parameters in wistar albino rats. A total of Sixty (60) male albino rats were divided into 12 groups of five (5) rats each. They were given grower pellets and water. Groups one (control), two, three, four, five, six were administered 0, 200, 500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight of the extract per day respectively for a period of 28days.Weekly measurements of body weight were carried out. After 30 days, the rats were subjected to overnight fast after which they were sacrificed, with their
blood and organ samples collected into sterile containers with anticoagulant. Hematological profiles showed increased levels of red blood cells and its related indices for both methanolic and aqueous extract of Annona muricta. The investigation into the sub-chronic toxicity of methanol and aqueous extract of the stem bark of Annona muricata revealed no significant effect on the immunity of wistar albino rats.