DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

This study addresses the critical challenge of optimizing charging performance in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) by designing and analysing an intelligent Battery Management System (BMS) with an adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). The research aims to resolve the trade-off between charging speed, thermal safety, and cycle life longevity by moving beyond rigid Constant Current–Constant Voltage (CC-CV) methods to a holistic, health-aware control strategy. The FLC was engineered to integrate three key active parameters: State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), and Temperature, as inputs to dynamically regulate the charging current (𝐼𝑐) and voltage (𝑉𝑐). The methodology adopted a quantitative simulation-based experimental design using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. A high fidelity Second-Order Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) of the Molicel INR–21700–P45B cell was formulated to replicate realistic electro-thermal dynamics. A central component of the study involved a systematic comparative analysis of two different Membership Function (MF) types within the FLC: Triangular and Gaussian. This approach allowed for rigorous stress testing under diverse conditions, including varied SOC levels, degradation states (100% vs. 95% SOH), and a wide ambient temperature range (0°C to 55°C). The results demonstrated the definitive superiority of the Gaussian-type MF, which produced significantly smoother control transitions, minimized current ripple, and reduced electrical stress compared to the Triangular MF. The Gaussian-based FLC successfully maintained charging efficiency within the optimal thermal window (25°C to 45°C) and demonstrated a critical "Survival Mode" at 55°C, where it autonomously throttled the charging current by approximately 63% to prevent thermal runaway. Furthermore, the integration of SOH allowed the controller to intelligently derate current for aged cells, confirming its capability as a robust, safety-first solution for nextgeneration intelligent BMS architectures.

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes a kind of network which interconnects various devices with the help of internet. IoT assists to transmit data with among devices, tracing and monitoring devices and other things. IoT make objects 'smart' by allowing them to transmit
data and automating of tasks, without human interference. A health tracking wearable device is an example of simple effortless IoT in our life. A smart city with sensors covering all its regions using diverse tangible gadgets and objects connected with the help of internet is
another example. However, there are still a lot of challenges and issues that need to be addressed to achieve the full potential of IoT. These challenges and issues must be considered from various aspects of IoT such as applications, challenges, enabling technologies, social and environmental impacts etc. This project presents a simple method for developing Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Home Automation System that monitors the electrical energy consumption of our houses with realtime tracking. A custom node microcontroller unit (ESP) serves as the main control unit. It is interfaced with sensors that give the real-time status of the surroundings and also monitor
various appliances like lights, fans, etc. Light bulbs and sockets are used to represent the house hold appliances. Communication between human and electrical devices is orchestrated via an android application namely Blynk. Test results of the designed system show that the electrical appliances can be turned On and Off by the Smart arrangemen

The rapid expansion of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks demands antenna arrays with wide bandwidth, high gain, and efficient beamforming capabilities to facilitate ultra-high-definition video streaming, extensive Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity, and communications with minimal latency. Nevertheless, traditional microstrip patch antennas continue to face fundamental challenges, including limited bandwidth, strong mutual coupling in array configurations, and reduced radiation efficiency caused by dielectric and surface wave losses. These challenges hinder their suitability for high-performance 5G applications. This project presents the design and simulation of a 4 × 4 microstrip patch antenna array optimized for sub-6 GHz 5G applications. The Rogers 4350B substrate is utilized because of its low-loss characteristics and stable dielectric properties. To improve performance, U-shaped slots are added to the radiating elements, and a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is incorporated into the ground plane. The design, analysis, and optimization of the antenna are carried out using ANSYS HFSS, focusing on achieving wide impedance bandwidth, high gain, and improved inter-element isolation without physical fabrication. The selection of materials, substrate parameters, and design dimensions are carefully chosen to facilitate future fabrication and experimental validation. Simulation results show that the proposed antenna achieves a gain of 10.64 dB, a bandwidth of 180 MHz, radiation efficiency of 72.3%, and a return loss (S11) of –19.96 dB at 3.5 GHz. In comparison, the conventional 4 × 4 array of the same dimensions without slots and DGS recorded a gain of 10.31 dB, no substantial bandwidth as the return loss
at the resonance frequency, 3.5 GHz, is above the -10 dB line, efficiency of 64.39%. The observed improvements are primarily attributed to the DGS, which effectively suppresses surface waves, minimizes mutual coupling, and enhances current distribution uniformity, across the array. Overall, the optimized DGS-based antenna demonstrates superior performance in terms of gain, bandwidth, and element isolation, making it a strong candidate for compact and efficient sub-6 GHz 5G base station and user terminal applications. The findings of this study provide a useful framework for further research and practical realization of high-performance antenna arrays for next-generation wireless communication systems.

Single phase inverters play an essential role in applications such as uninterruptible power supplies and renewable energy systems, yet their operation is often affected by faults including short circuits, open circuit conditions, and DC link overvoltage. This work reviews these common fault types, their characteristic influence on inverter performance, and the protective measures commonly employed to limit their impact and ensure reliable operation. The study involved identifying and classifying major inverter faults, examining the protection techniques typically used in practice, and developing a simulation model of a single phase H - bridge inverter for controlled analysis. Selected protection devices, including fast acting fuses, electronic current limiting circuits, and voltage clamping components, were examined under various fault scenarios, with parameters such as Response Time, Detection Rate, and Fault Coverage used for evaluation. Observations from the simulation provided insight into how the inverter behaves when exposed to different fault scenarios and how each protection device influences system response. The patterns revealed through these analyses highlight the importance of rapid fault handling, effective voltage suppression, and balanced device coordination. Based on these insights, the study emphasizes the value of adopting a multilayered protection arrangement that integrates fast electronic sensing with traditional isolation components to enhance the overall safety, reliability, and cost effectiveness of single phase inverter systems.

This project focuses on the simulation of a dual axis solar tracker to enhance solar energy harvesting. Traditional fixed solar panels suffer from inefficiencies due to the sun’s movement, limiting their ability to capture maximum solar radiation. The dual axis solar tracker is optimized effectively to rotate both horizontally (azimuth) and vertically (elevation) allowing it to follow the sun’s path throughout the day and across seasons thereby enhancing energy absorption and improving photovoltaic (PV) system efficiency.
A simulation-based approach was employed using MATLAB/Simulink to model the system’s dynamic response. Key components include a PID controller for optimized system response, virtual sensors mimicking sunlight detection and motors for precise motion control. The performance of the dual axis tracker was analyzed to determine efficiency improvements. The study also explores optimal control strategies, actuator dynamics and environmental adaptability.

This paper presents the development of an Automated Audio Translation System (AATS) specifically designed for translating spoken Ewe, a Western Nigerian language predominantly spoken within the Yoruba people into English. The project addresses the growing need for effective communication tools in multilingual contexts, particularly in regions where Ewe is widely spoken. The proposed system leverages advanced machine learning techniques, including automatic speech recognition (ASR), natural language processing (NLP), and neural machine translation (NMT) to facilitate real-time audio translation.
The methodology involves the collection of a diverse corpus of Ewe audio recordings paired with their English translations, which serves as the training dataset for the ASR and NMT components. We employ deep learning architectures, such as recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and transformer models, to enhance the accuracy and fluency of the translation output. Evaluation metrics, including Word Error Rate (WER) and BLEU scores, are utilized to assess the performance of the
system against baseline models.
Preliminary results indicate that the AATS achieves a significant improvement in translation
accuracy compared to traditional translation methods. This research not only contributes to the field of computational linguistics but also aims to promote cultural exchange and accessibility by
bridging language barriers

This abstract describes a mobile 1.5KVA solar power station, designed to provide an efficient and reliable power supply in remote locations without access to electricity. The power station consists of a portable device with an array of batteries, an inverter, a charge controller, auxiliary connectors, and a foldable solar panel module. The solar module's primary function is to collect solar energy, transform it into electrical power, and store it in the battery bank for later use. The portable unit has AC and DC power outlets for operating and charging various gadgets, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other electrical appliances. The
tation is lightweight, compact, and easily transportable, making it ideal for camping, outdoor events, and emergency situations. It has a robust built and can withstand harsh weather conditions. In conclusion, the mobile 1.5KVA solar power station offers a sustainable and costeffective solution to meet the growing need for reliable and clean energy supply in remote areas.

Energy demand and consumption increase astronomically as the days unfold. This development has made the deployment of nat ural and renewable energy sources, such as solar, inevitable. They serve as alternative to the inadequate supply of the conventional sources. It is the increasing need for various homes, institutions and firms to embrace the essence of Photovoltaic (PV) system that necessitated this project study. The research work, titled ‗Design and implementation of a 2.5kVA inverter for a three-bedroom apartment‘, was aimed at ensuring that the operations and efficiency of a Photovoltaic system, particularly the 2.5kVA type installed in a threebedroom apartment is well installed and enhanced. To achieve this, a 2.5kVA Hybrid Power Inverter with integrated 50A PWM charge controller which is used to regulate the charging and two 12V batteries of high Depth of Discharge were used, 6 200W solar panels were also used. The batteries and solar panels were connected in series/parallel arrangement for effective utilization. This also involves load sizing, inverter sizing, PV panels sizing and charge controller sizing. The hybrid Inverter (multi-mode), which produces a pure sine wave in the process, guarantees reliability and cleaner output as expected. At the end of the research, an implementation of a 2.5kVA Solar Home System was actualized.

This project revolves around crafting a Microcontroller Vehicle Speed Alarm System engineered to autonomously signal drivers upon exceeding predetermined speed thresholds. The system instantaneously triggers a panic alarm when the vehicle surpasses the defined speed limit, disengaging the alarm once the speed falls below the set threshold. Leveraging the voltage output from a speedometer system, the alarm activation timing is calibrated. The process involves designing and implementing a vehicle speed alarm after wide study and proper sensor selection, integrating a microcontroller for real-time monitoring of the vehicle speed and triggering of alarm using Arduino-uno programmed with C programming language and providing user-friendly features for drivers. The project and its individual components were also tested at every stage of construction. This project satisfied the aim of bolstering road safety by employing pre-emptive alerts to drivers, mitigating the risk of accidents resultant from excessive speeding

The increasing global demand for energy, coupled with growing concerns over climate change and environmental degradation, has prompted a shift towards sustainable energy solutions that reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Solar energy, in particular, has emerged as a promising renewable energy source, offering abundant, clean, and inexhaustible power from the sun. In light of these developments, this project focuses on the installation of a solar panel system for a 2 bedroom apartment, located within a residential community